Hepatitis C Support Group
Hepatitis C is a blood-borne viral disease which can cause liver inflammation, fibrosis, cirrhosis and liver cancer. The hepatitis C virus (HCV) is spread by blood-to-blood contact with an infected person's blood. Many people with HCV infection have no symptoms and are unaware of the need to seek treatment. Hepatitis C infects an estimated 150-200 million people worldwide.
All inactivated influenza vaccines available during recent seasons have been trivalent, containing A(H1N1), A(H3N2), and B viral antigens. There are two antigenically distinct lineages of influenza B viruses, referred to as Victoria and Yamagata lineages (13,14). Immunization against influenza B virus strains of one lineage provides only limited cross-protection against strains in the other lineage (338). Given this, and the challenge of predicting which B virus lineage will predominate during a given season, inclusion of two B virus strains (one from each lineage) in seasonal influenza vaccines may improve protection against circulating seasonal B virus strains. A recent modeling analysis indicates that the impact of a quadrivalent vaccine could result in a modest reduction in influenza-associated outcomes (by 2,200970,000 cases, 148,200 hospitalizations, and 1485 deaths annually), depending upon adequate vaccine supply, coverage, effectiveness, and incidence of influenza associated with the two B lineages (339).
The World Health Organization (WHO) (340) and FDA (337) have made recommendations for inclusion of a second influenza B vaccine virus in quadrivalent influenza vaccines for the 201314 season. This strain will be included in addition to the A(H1N1), A(H3N2), and B vaccine virus strains contained in trivalent vaccines. For the 201314 season, quadrivalent influenza vaccines will include a Victoria lineage B/Brisbane/60/2008like vaccine virus strain, in addition to the Yamagata lineage B/Massachusetts/2/2012like virus strain contained in trivalent influenza vaccines.
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr6207a1.htm?s_cid=rr6207a1_w#NewRecentlyApprovedInfluenzaVaccineProducts
http://www.cdc.gov/flu/avianflu/h7n9-virus.htm
Human infections with a new avian influenza A (H7N9) virus were first reported in China in March 2013. Most of these infections are believed to result from exposure to infected poultry or contaminated environments, as H7N9 viruses have also been found in poultry in China. While some mild illnesses in human H7N9 cases have been seen, most patients have had severe respiratory illness, with about one-third resulting in death. No evidence of sustained person-to-person spread of H7N9 has been found, though some evidence points to limited person-to-person spread in rare circumstances. No cases of H7N9 outside of China have been reported. The new H7N9 virus has not been detected in people or birds in the United States.
Its likely that sporadic cases of H7N9 associated with poultry exposure will continue to occur in China. Cases associated with poultry exposure also may be detected in neighboring countries. Its also possible that H7N9 may be detected in the United States at some point, possibly in a traveler returning from an affected area. Most concerning about this situation is the pandemic potential of this virus. Influenza viruses constantly change and its possible that this virus could gain the ability to spread easily and sustainably among people, triggering a global outbreak of disease (pandemic). CDC is following this situation closely and coordinating with domestic and international partners. CDC takes routine preparedness actions whenever a new virus with pandemic potential is identified, including developing a candidate vaccine virus to make a vaccine in case vaccine is needed. Those preparedness measures continue. CDC also has issued guidance to clinicians and public health authorities in the United States, as well as provided information for people traveling to China. CDC will provide updated information as it becomes available.
Background
During the spring of 2013, the World Health Organization (WHO) reported 132 human H7N9 infections, with 44 deaths. Most cases had illness onset during the month of April. Beginning in May, new reports of human H7N9 infection in China became less frequent. From June to the end of September 2013, WHO reported three new H7N9 infections in China; one had illness onset in April, and one resulted in death. The decrease in H7N9 cases over the summer likely resulted from a combination of control measures taken by Chinese authorities - like closing live bird markets - and the change in weather. Studies indicate that avian influenza viruses, like seasonal influenza viruses, have a seasonal pattern: they circulate at higher levels in cold weather and at lower levels in warm weather.
In the beginning of October, the frequency of reports of human infection with H7N9 began to increase. WHO and China reported more new H7N9 cases in China per month relative to the summer months, including two cases reported by Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of Peoples Republic of China in early December. These cases coincided with the arrival of cooler weather in China and were not unexpected. Some of the cases that were reported had poultry exposure and lived in areas where H7N9 had been found previously. As of mid-December, sporadic cases continue to be reported. Although epidemiological investigations are ongoing for some of the more recent cases, currently no evidence has been found that indicates sustained human-to-human transmission is occurring.