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I have been in this situation a hundred times over. Normally, I try to avoid giving specific advice to people, but in the work case, I think the situation is somewhat different.
I believe that your best bet is to talk to him directly. I would present it in terms of overall productivity, as you said. Something along the lines of "when XYZ happens, we all look bad. How can we work together to prevent looking unprepared in front of the boss, clients, etc.?" Give him the chance to give his thoughts, but then give yours as well and be clear on what you need to be successful. This is where you establish the boundaries. When he violates them, then you can clearly say things like "remember we agreed that all changes, unless directed by the boss, need to come to me 4 hours before the meeting, otherwise I can't be sure that we will be able to incorporate all of them. If these changes are that important, should we reschedule the meeting?" It may be helpful to review your points and suggested improvements with someone you trust before talking to the "superior." People respond best to feedback like this when you can stick to the most critical points (e.g., 4 improvements instead of 14), and organize them into groupings (e.g., pre-meeting activities, post-meeting activities).
I wouldn't go to the boss without him unless you feel harassed in some way. Otherwise, it can appear as "tattling" and can inadvertently make *you* look like the unprofessional one. If you need to loop in the boss, then best practice is to have a 3-person meeting (i.e., you, him, and boss) to make sure there are no "lost in translation" or "he said/she said" issues.
Finally, no matter what you do, the biggest opportunity that you can control is to leave work "at work." I am awful of this, but you may be able to cure the belly aches if you give the job (and all its frustrations) your focus until quitting times, then let them go and focus on stuff in your life you enjoy. I am the poster-boy for doing this the wrong way, so I understand how hard it is :)
Good luck to you.
To the advice you got from Holborn98, I'd like to add that if possible, look for ways to document that you are getting your work done on time and accurately. When you send your document for review to your superior, can you CC his boss? Can you/do you use email for this? The date/time stamp would show that you were done on time. You can also put in there, a request to get the changes back to you by a certain date and time. And, if possible, decline any other meetings or interruptions while you are working on his fire drills. Just politely say no, and tell them to reschedule the meeting if you are required to be there.
I have had people at work try to blame me for their own shortcomings, and I totally understand losing sleep over it. You really need to watch your back around this guy. He may be threatened by you. You report to him, but it sounds like you are doing well at your job, while he's having trouble keeping up.
The buck stops with playing his way. Today starts the day with covering my butt.
Further, its a beach day outside.......so I am going to the beach, screw this!!
I have calmed considerably since I wrote this. I think the crux of it is I thought he and I were trying to participate as a team as that is how he was trying to play it, and I caught him in a lie and now that has disintegrated trust for me....so I am just going to treat him as a "superior" and call it a day....no more "team" it is just me doing what he asks and if there is anything wrong with it......its on him.
I am so tired of covering for people, stuffing a sock in my mouth not saying anything, and just taking on responsibility for nothing.....so in this current situation I am using my voice, covering my own butt and not playing ball......anyway, I feel a lot better with the new day :) Plus it is hotter than Haiti, in Laguna Beach......so it feels like summer, so I really can't complain (well except for the drought HAHHA)
:) Have a super day guys!!