Brain Injury Support Group
Traumatic brain injury occurs when a sudden trauma causes brain damage. TBI can result from a closed head injury or a penetrating head injury. Symptoms of a TBI can be mild, moderate, or severe, depending on the extent of the damage to the brain. Outcome can be anything from complete recovery to permanent disability or death. A coma can also affect a child's brain.
From Mathes & Hentz, 2/e, ISBN 0-7216-8811-X
Chapter 214 (edited file)Management of the Spastic Hand
"Another injection modality used more recently is botulinum toxin type A (Botox), which works by local blockage of the release of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction; the reversible action lasts on average 3 to 4 months. With a reduction of tone in the specific muscles injected with botulinum toxin, a better assessment of functional control of the antagonist muscles can be performed. Therapy during the period of reduced tone has been reported to benefit functional use of the hand as well as allowing increased stretch on spastic muscles.8,9 In the spastic mouse model, muscles have been shown to have a 15% increase in length with stretching after botulinum toxin type A injections.10 If joint or muscle contracture exists, treatment should begin with splinting and stretching exercises for at least 6 months, before consideration of surgical intervention."