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We also observed a borderline significant interaction between calcium intake and obesity, with calcium being a stronger risk factor among the obese than the nonobese. This finding contrasts with a report from the Singapore Health Study, which found calcium to be a risk factor only among thin men (BMI? http://www.selleckchem.com/products/cb-5083.html conflict can be understood by considering the ��nonclassical�� (autocrine/paracrine) role of vitamin D in the prostate. Prostate cells possess 1-alpha hydroxylase and convert 25OHD into 1,25(OH)2D, which exerts prodifferentiating and antiproliferative effects on prostate cancer cells.33 Thus, the classical (calcium-mediated) and nonclassical roles of vitamin D operate ��against�� each other to influence prostate cancer risk, probably through different mechanisms. Although it had been http://www.selleckchem.com/products/a-1155463.html speculated that the increased risk for prostate cancer that is associated with higher levels of dietary calcium was because of a reduction in the hepatic conversion of 25OHD into 1,25(OH)2D by calcium,34 this hypothesis has not been supported by subsequent investigations.35 It is important to note that although some studies have reported an increased risk of prostate cancer with low levels of vitamin D,21, 36 these have not been confirmed by other investigations. Many subsequent studies of serum 25-OHD and prostate cancer risk have been null, and some have reported an increased risk of prostate cancer with both low and high levels http://www.selleck.cn/products/PD-0332991.html of 25OHD.37, 38 A positive effect of serum calcium on prostate cancer risk may confound the relationship between 25(OH)D and prostate cancer risk in some studies, which may account for some discrepant results in the literature.39 Our study has several limitations, including its retrospective design, which could have introduced recall bias in the reporting of calcium intake. However, our findings for calcium intake are consistent with those of several prospective studies, where recall bias obviously is not a contributor. Similarly, although we measured calcium intake, we did not measure serum calcium. Future studies would benefit from including measurements of serum total and ionized calcium.