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There was no significant change in IgG secretion when CpG alone was added to B cells cultured with rhsCD27. However, increased levels of IgG were found in cultures stimulated with the combination of anti-CD40 and rhsCD27, as compared to cultures with rhsCD27 alone (769.5?��?43.2 vs. 347.9?��?26.79?ng?mL?1; P?=?0.03; Fig.?3c). As the expression levels of CD70 on na?ve and memory B cell subsets were significantly different, we investigated whether induction of IgG secretion upon rhsCD27 stimulation occurred similarly from purified populations of na?ve (CD27?) and memory (CD27+) B cells stimulated with rhsCD27. IgG production from sorted na?ve B cells would suggest that Ig switch is induced through the expression of the enzyme AID that leads to the production of Igs with a different isotype (IgG, IgA, IgE) [40]. However, the increase in IgG levels in the culture supernatant was mainly found in cultures of CD27+ B cells http://www.selleck.cn/products/BIBW2992.html stimulated with rhsCD27 (1245.2?��?288?ng?mL?1 vs. 97.1?��?95.3?ng?mL?1; P?=?0.016; Fig.?4a). In addition, AID expression did not change in any of the CD27+ or CD27? B cell cultures stimulated with rhsCD27 (data not shown). The process of plasma cell differentiation is regulated by the expression of a variety of transcription factors, amongst which Blimp-1 and XBP-1 are considered to be http://www.selleckchem.com/products/z-vad-fmk.html crucial [41, 42]. We detected a significantly higher level of Blimp-1 in CD27+ B cells cultured for 120?h with rhsCD27, compared to untreated cells (2.61?��?0.41 vs. 1.45?��?0.25-fold increase; P?=?0.029; Fig.?4b). This effect of rhsCD27 on Blimp-1 transcription was not observed when the incubation time of CD27+ B cells with rhsCD27 was shorter (at 48?h) or in cultures of CD27? cells (data not shown). XBP-1 was also only increased in the CD27+ cells (2.2?��?0.12 vs. 1.28?��?0.07 fold increase; P?=?0.029) after culture for 120?h (Fig.?4c). To determine whether sCD27 could be associated with IgG production in vivo, IgG and sCD27 were measured in serum from 78 patients with HIV-1 infection and 31 healthy donors. As previously shown for patients with multiple sclerosis [43] or primary Sj?gren��s syndrome [17], there was a correlation between http://www.selleckchem.com/products/ly2157299.html plasma levels of IgG and sCD27 in patients with chronic HIV-1 infection (P?=?0.008, ��?=?0.30) as well as in healthy donors (P?