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e. clusters) and regular. We test the following hypotheses: 1 ?Restored vegetation has less intense aggregation of stems and less bare area than natural vegetation, as pattern in natural vegetation arises from multi-generational feedback processes that are not fully developed in restored vegetation. Analyses of the effect of dispersal mode on plant spatial pattern are limited to forests and results are contradictory (Armesto, Mitchell & Villagran 1986; Seidler & Plotkin 2006), and while resprouting ability has been related to differences in spatial pattern in a model-based study (Pausas & Lloret 2007), field evidence for differences in pattern among species with varying fire response, seedbank storage strategy or seed size, to our knowledge, has not been http://www.selleckchem.com/products/SP600125.html previously described. In a previous study, we mapped four natural shrubland communities, characteristic of different substrate types occurring near Eneabba (29�� 51�� S 115�� 16�� E; Fig.?1), 275?km north of Perth, Australia (Perry et?al. 2008, 2009). Here, we add two examples of species-rich, mature-phase shrubland vegetation that was restored using a mix of local species in 1981 and 1989, respectively (��R1981�� and ��R1989��) on heavy-mineral sand-mine tailings. The natural sites were located close to the mine on deep and shallow sands (dune crest and swale substrates) and on shallow sands overlying laterite and limestone (Fig.?1). At the time of mapping, all natural sites supported mature vegetation last burnt ��15?years previously. The preponderance of second-order aggregation among species in these sites (Perry et?al. 2008) suggests that local dispersal http://www.selleck.cn/products/Imatinib(STI571).html �C potentially interacting with fine-scale environmental variation (e.g. microtopography, patchiness of fire: Lamont et?al. 1993; Enright et?al. 2007; but not soil resources, Perry et?al. 2008) �C is the principal pattern-forming process. Descriptions of the sandplain ecosystem and the restored sites http://www.selleckchem.com/products/AZD6244.html are provided in Appendix?S1 (Supporting information) and elsewhere (Enright et?al. 2007; Perry et?al. 2008; Herath et?al. 2009). Detailed descriptions of the restoration methods and their likely implications for spatial pattern formation are also given in Appendix?S1 (Supporting information). Restored-site soils are no more fertile than those of natural sites (Herath et?al. 2009; Table?1) but are almost twice as hard, potentially contributing to the reduced seedling establishment rates observed for some species (Enright & Lamont 1992; Herath et?al. 2009). Excluding dormant geophytes and plants