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?5c,d). Moreover, some parts of the swollen hyphae exhibited extreme morphological alterations, resulting in the formation of swollen bodies of spherical or irregular shape, especially in mycelia treated with the iturin-producing strain MEP218 (Fig.?5d). As expected, neither MOLP nor B.?subtilis JH642 http://www.selleckchem.com/products/SB-431542.html supernatants induced morphological alterations of fungal hyphae (Fig.?5a,b). The effectiveness of the lipopeptide-producing B.?amyloliquefaciens strains ARP23 and MEP218 to control sclerotinia stem rot of soybean was evaluated under growth chamber conditions. 48-h-old stationary cultures of strains ARP23 and MEP218 were inoculated by spraying on V3-stage soybean plants that were further infected with S.?sclerotiorum. At 7 and 21?days post-treatment, there were no significant differences (P? http://www.selleckchem.com/products/INCB18424.html B.?subtilis strain JH642 (sfp0). At 7?days after application, plants inoculated with strain JH642 and infected with S.?sclerotiorum showed significant disease severity compared with plants inoculated with strains ARP23 or MEP218 and infected with S.?sclerotiorum. At 21?days postinoculation, most of the plants inoculated with strain JH642 showed severe symptoms of disease (mean disease severity of 4��8) similar to those plants that were not inoculated and infected with S.?sclerotiorum (Fig.?6b). These results showed that foliar http://www.selleck.cn/products/VX-770.html application of B.?amyloliquefaciens strains ARP23 or MEP218 before pathogen challenge resulted in a protective effect of soybean plants against sclerotinia stem rot disease. Members of the Bacillus genus are among the beneficial bacteria mostly exploited as biopesticides (Fravel 2005). Their protective effect may rely on different mechanisms to directly antagonize pathogen growth. In this context, Bacillus subtilis group produces a variety of bioactive metabolites that could be involved in antibiosis (Stein 2005; Chen et?al. 2009). Antibiosis is one mechanism of biological control that is well characterized genetically as well as biochemically in Bacillus strains (Stein 2005). In recent years, cyclic lipopeptide antibiotics have been reported to inhibit a wide range of phytopathogenic fungi (Ongena and Jacques 2007; Nag��rska et?al. 2007).