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The modiolus was not included in the cochlear labyrinth volume. In this study, the air-filled space of the cochlear labyrinth was filled with a high threshold color in each slice. Once all slices were processed using this method, the segmented areas were measured using ImageJ, and the cochlear labyrinth volume was calculated by multiplying the areas by the slice thickness. This deviated slightly from the method of Kirk and Gosselin-Ildari (2009), but validation tests confirmed that the two methods produced closely comparable cochlear labyrinth volumes. The segmented slices were also stacked with strip2raw (unpublished DOS program developed by Nathan Jeffrey, University of Liverpool) and used to create a 3D reconstruction in Amira version 3.1.1 (Visage Imaging Inc., 2003; Fig. 2). For data analysis, both cochlear labyrinth volumes and body mass were log10 http://www.selleckchem.com/products/Adriamycin.html transformed to account for the nonlinear, allometric relationship between these two variables (see Gingerich et al.,1982 for a discussion of the importance of using logarithms in studying allometric relationships). Pearson's correlations and linear regression analysis were used to test the association between cochlear labyrinth volume http://www.selleckchem.com/products/LBH-589.html and body mass. Student's t-test was used to test for a statistically significant (�� = 0.05) difference between primates and non-primates, for log10 cochlear volume scaled by log10 body mass. All statistical tests were performed using Microsoft Excel 2003. In comparison to these closely related non-primates and to C. simpsoni, modern primates have significantly higher cochlear labyrinth volumes relative to body mass (P https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentamorphone shifts in the highest and lowest audible frequencies. It appears from this small sample that closely related non-primates follow a trend of smaller cochlear labyrinths than living primates. Labidolemur kayi, a fossil specimen, currently classified as a non-primate euarchontogliran, and C. simpsoni, a stem primate, also have small cochleae relative to estimated body mass when compared to the primate distribution. The small cochlea of C. simpsoni is particularly interesting as it would imply that selection for larger cochlear labyrinths did not occur at the basal primate node, but rather may have happened within Euprimates (see also Coleman and Boyer,2008). Evidence from other stem primates (Gingerich and Gunnell,2005; Silcox et al.,2009;2010) has demonstrated that the increased brain size characteristic of living primates relative to other mammalian orders also evolved within Euprimates, rather than at the basal primate node.