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2010). (iii) Change https://www.selleckchem.com/products/Vorinostat-saha.html in the interannual distribution of precipitation towards an increased probability of above-average (>500?mm) and below-average ( https://www.selleckchem.com/products/Cisplatin.html potential growth rates of plants. The latter was found to be stronger for plants using a C3 pathway for carbon fixation in photosynthesis than for the C4 pathway, because C4 photosynthesis is often https://www.selleck.cn/products/ve-821.html saturated or nearly saturated under ambient conditions (Morgan et?al. 2004). As most grasses in tropical savannas feature C4 pathways (Polley 1997), we assume that CO2 enrichment leads to an increase in potential growth rate of grasses by 30% and potential growth rate of shrubs by 90% according to Bond, Midgley & Woodward (2003). Note that these rates are potential growth rates, and growth is additionally strongly limited by water availability and competition. In order to improve confidence in simulation results, we conducted a sensitivity analyses by varying all parameters by ��10% and ��20%. The model output was furthermore validated against three empirical patterns (relation of annual precipitation to grass biomass production of African savannas, shrub cover and biomass production of the study site). Details of these analyses can be found in Appendix?S2 (Supporting information). Under present climatic conditions, the simulations without livestock grazing lead to a savanna system that is in a stable state, with especially the annual and perennial grasses strongly responding to fluctuations in the highly variable precipitation (Fig.?1a). Perennial grass cover is high (mean value: 65%, SD: 11��3), while shrub cover and annual grass cover are low (mean values: 8%, SD: 1��2 and 7%, SD: 3��2, respectively), leading to a dense grass matrix with sparse shrubs.