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Consistent with previous studies PWV was reduced with weight loss [41, 42]. The magnitude of the response was comparable in both diet groups. A reduction in pulse wave velocity is associated with improved arterial http://www.selleckchem.com/products/DMXAA(ASA404).html compliance and decreased CVD risk [43]. In contrast, AIx, a measure of systemic arterial stiffness derived from the ascending aortic pressure waveform, did not change in either group. Although both PWV and AIx are indicators of cardiovascular stiffness, this data suggests they may not be under the same mechanistic control or these diet effects are limited to peripheral rather than central arterial effects and further clarification is required. Consistent with previous studies [15, 16, 19], improvements in a number of vascular health markers, including adiponectin, fibrinolytic factors and several cellular adhesion molecules occurred following weight loss, independent of diet composition. It has been proposed that adiponectin may be responsible for mediating reductions in CVD risk associated with weight loss by modulating the endothelial inflammatory response [44]. Ouchi et?al. [44] showed that adiponectin inhibits expression of VCAM-1, ICAM-1 and eSelectin in a dose-dependant manner. In the current study, we also observed a correlation between the changes in adiponectin and VCAM-1 (r?=?0.47, P? http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resveratrol was no longer http://www.selleckchem.com/products/Aloxistatin.html significant, suggesting the greater reductions observed in the LC group may have been associated with higher baseline levels. These reductions in a number of systemic endothelium-derived factors and PWV with weight loss, independent of diet composition, occurred somewhat in a paradoxical fashion to the FMD response that did not improve after weight loss and decreased following the LC diet. In agreement, a previous study also showed improvements in a number of endothelium-derived and PWV following weight loss (6.3?kg), with no change in FMD. The reason for these differing effects is not clear, but suggests these markers of endothelial function are regulated by alternate independent mechanisms. Koybayashi et?al. [45] indicated that brachial FMD and PWV evaluate different aspects of atherosclerosis as well as different sites of the artery. Nevertheless, both have been shown to be good surrogate markers of clinical atherosclerosis and their combination maybe of strong clinical relevance [45]. Additionally, PAI-1, tPa and adiponectin also appear to be an independent predictors of myocardial infarction [12, 46, 47]. Hence, based on the varying responses between endothelium-derived factors, PWV and FMD the long-term effects of weight loss following either a LC or LF diets on future cardiac events needs further clarification.