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Discrete data were presented as counts and percentages. Chi-square tests or, if appropriate, exact tests were used to compare groups of categorical data. For comparisons of continuous data, the nonparametric Mann�CWhitney U-test was used. Kaplan�CMeier analysis was used to calculate graft and patient survival, and the Mantel Cox log-rank test was used to compare survival http://www.selleckchem.com/products/cx-5461.html between groups. Multivariate models (logistic regression analysis or Cox regression analysis) were used to determine the independent effect of VUR on transplant outcome parameters. Such models included cofounding variables unequally distributed between groups or confounders considered to have an impact on the end point. A two-sided p-value of http://www.selleckchem.com/products/forskolin.html study was approved by the ethics committee of the Medical University of Vienna (Research ethics reference 1078/2012). Overall, 263 (40.7%) of the 646 kidney transplant recipients were diagnosed with posttransplantation VUR before discharge. Fifty-one (7.9%) patients had grade I VUR; 128 (19.8%), grade II; 66, (10.2%) grade III and 18 (2.8%), grade IV VUR. Over the entire period 397 (62%) transplantations were performed by experienced surgeons and 249 (38%) were done by inexperienced surgeons. As shown in Table 1, VUR was less common in live donor transplants than in deceased donor transplants (6% vs. 46%; p = 0.004). There were also imbalances in IL-2 receptor antibody induction therapy (p = 0.001) and retransplantation (p = 0.001). The presence or absence of VUR was significantly influenced by the surgeon's experience level at the time of transplantation. VUR was less common in transplantations performed by experienced compared to inexperienced surgeons (36% vs. 48%; p = 0.004). The overall incidence of UTI during the first year of follow-up was 30.2%, with 4% of the patients showing more than 2 infection episodes. We found no significant relationship between diagnosis of VUR and UTI incidence. Simple UTI was diagnosed in 24.7% of patients with VUR and 27.2% of patients without VUR (p = 0.78). Recurrent UTIs were noted in 4.2% http://www.selleck.cn/products/AZD0530.html (with VUR) vs. 3.9% (without VUR) of the enrolled patients (p = 0.67). As shown in Figure 1A, patients with VUR had significantly lower eGFR levels at 1 year after transplantation than did patients without VUR (52 vs. 60 mL/min/1.73 m2; p = 0.02). In a multivariate model including all relevant confounders (living donor, female sex, retransplantation, HLA-mismatch, initial IL2 antibody induction, T cell- or C4d-positive antibody-mediated rejection, recipient age, donor age and cold ischemic time [CIT]), VUR still predicted lower eGFR (HR, 2.06 [CI, 1.22�C3.48]; p = 0.007). However, analysis of renal function at 3 and 5 years showed no significant differences (Figure 1A).