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?5b). The main sugars in wheat ears at the YM stage of pollen development are fructose, glucose and sucrose. We estimated the fructan content in YM wheat ears by comparing the difference between total fructose and glucose levels after acid hydrolysis and the levels of free glucose, fructose and sucrose, but we could not detect any fructans in Sundor ears (Supporting Information Fig.?S2). In SYN604 ears, http://www.selleckchem.com/products/Bortezomib.html fructan was also unmeasurable under control conditions, but following water stress treatment an average of 23.5?mg?g?1 dry weight was detected. The HPAEC profiles of carbohydrate extracts from SYN604 indeed indicated the presence of fructo-oligosaccharides corresponding to those that occur in wheat stems (Supporting Information Fig.?S2; Ruuska et?al. 2006). Similarly, we also observed fructo-oligosaccharides in the carbohydrate profile for another tolerant line, Halberd. It is possible that increased fructan levels rather than sucrose accumulation are responsible for the rise in non-reducing sugars detected in drought-stressed SYN604 ears, whereas Sundor ears accumulate pre-dominantly sucrose as non-reducing sugar. We investigated the expression of the wheat anther cell wall invertase gene IVR1 (Koonjul et?al. 2005) in the drought-sensitive http://www.selleckchem.com/products/sch772984.html and -tolerant wheat varieties (Fig.?5c). IVR1 expression was significantly down-regulated in drought-stressed anthers relative to control anthers for both sensitive varieties Sundor and SYN549 (61.8 and 42.2%, respectively; P??0.05; n?=?3; Fig.?5c). However, in the drought-sensitive variety Cranbrook, IVR1 expression levels were slightly increased (P?>?0.05; n?=?5), and in the drought-tolerant variety Halberd we again found no significant change in IVR1 expression (P?>?0.05; n?=?6; Fig.?5c). At the YM stage of pollen development, wheat IVR1 is also expressed in the female gametophyte. Like in anthers, IVR1 expression is repressed significantly versus http://www.selleck.cn/products/gdc-0068.html control levels in drought-stressed ovaries of drought-sensitive Sundor and SYN549 (60.1% and 55.7%, respectively; P??0.05; n?=?4) and in the variety Halberd expression levels of IVR1 increased 2.8-fold with respect to control levels (P?