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16 These reports suggested a correlation between HDL cholesterol and atherosclerosis and diabetic retinopathy. In contrast, the present data showed no significant correlation between the severity of maculopathy and HDL cholesterol. Ozer et?al. also reported that the correlation between HDL cholesterol and the diabetic macular edema was not significant.17 The microalbumin-to-creatinine ratio in a random urine sample is an established method of ruling out the presence of significant proteinuria as defined by a quantitative measure of the 24-h protein excretion.18 Multivariate analysis of the present findings showed that the http://www.selleckchem.com/products/ABT-737.html microalbumin-to-creatinine ratio was correlated with the severity of retinopathy and maculopathy. Previous studies suggested that albuminuria was correlated with the development of proliferative diabetic retinopathy.19 The WESDR study reported that, the presence of gross proteinuria at the baseline was associated with a 96% increase in the risk of progression to proliferative diabetic retinopathy and a 95% increase in the risk of macular edema.2 The present study showed that the BMI did not appear to be related to the severity of retinopathy or maculopathy. A previous report suggested a significant association between BMI and diabetic retinopathy;20 however, there are conflicting data, such as those of Klein et?al., that http://www.selleck.cn/products/Methazolastone.html suggested that BMI was not associated with the progression of retinopathy.2 Furthermore, these authors showed that underweight (BMI? http://www.selleckchem.com/products/Nutlin-3.html had different effects on the morbidity and mortality of older individuals than younger individuals.21 Even though a previous study reported a significant association between a history of coronary heart disease and the incidence of macular edema,6 the present results showed that a history of coronary heart disease was not significantly correlated with the severity of retinopathy or maculopathy. In contrast, the present study showed that there was a significant correlation between a history of stroke and the severity of retinopathy, but not maculopathy. We suggest that the reason was that the prevalence of coronary heart disease in Japanese type?2 diabetic patients was not as high as reported earlier;22,23 however, the prevalence of stroke in Japanese type?2 diabetic patients was higher than that in the earlier studies.24 In addition, the variables associated with coronary heart disease were different from those associated with stroke in Japanese type?2 diabetic patients.22 In their report, although coronary heart disease was significantly correlated with higher triglyceride, higher LDL cholesterol, lower HDL cholesterol and diabetes mellitus, stroke were significantly correlated with systolic and diastolic blood pressure.