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2010). As an indicator of ENSO, we used the sea surface temperature (SST) anomaly (measured in ��C, Reynolds et?al. 2002) from Ni?o region 3.4, located between latitudes 5��N and 5��S and longitudes 120�C170��W. The Climate Prediction Center (http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/data/indices) characterizes the SST in this region as critical to characterizing warm (> +0.5��C) El Ni?o and cold ( http://www.selleckchem.com/products/SB-431542.html quarters 3 and 4 in the year prior to the migration rate, and for calendar quarters 1 and 2 of the same year. We used April soil moisture at http://www.selleckchem.com/products/byl719.html 30�C40?cm depth on BCI as an index of water availability to plants. We also totaled rainfall for January to April as a measure of dry season rainfall, and we calculated the average daily solar radiation from January to April of each year using both pyranometer and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) values. The Terrestrial Environmental Science Program of STRI collected the environmental data. Wet season onset is based on an algorithm created by the Panama Canal Commission (see Srygley et?al. 2010 for justification). From January 1995 to December 1997, we measured new leaf flushing by B. alicastrum (mean N?=?3, range 2�C5) and by A. altilis on Gigante Peninsula in the Barro Colorado Nature Monument and in Gamboa (mean N?=?2.3, range 2�C3). Using binoculars when required, we scanned 10 branches of each tree to count the proportion of branches that were flushing new leaves. For one small individual of A. altilis, we were limited to the proportion of three branches. We scanned branches http://www.selleck.cn/products/ipi-145-ink1197.html exposed to sunlight because M. chiron rarely fly into the forest understory (Srygley & Chai 1990). So, the mean proportion is a relative assessment of the availability of new leaves for oviposition and larval feeding. Trees were added or subtracted as they were discovered, died, or lost. We scanned trees approximately once a month. From 2002 to 2006, we focused on F. citrifolia because it was the only species on which we found M. chiron feeding. We observed trees (mean N?=?4.8, range 2�C6) every 2?wk during the migration period (generally April�CJuly). We did not monitor B. alicastrum and A. altilis in the latter 5?yr when focusing on F. citrifolia. Because the direction and timing of the migration are similar to that of A. statira, we use the same working hypothesis for M. chiron that the south by southwesterly migration results from limited hostplant leaf production during the wet season in the evergreen Atlantic coastal forest due to overcast skies (i.e., light limitation hypothesis, Van Schaik et?al. 1993, Graham et?al. 2003).