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?sylvatica forms largely mono-dominant semi-natural and planted stands of Fagus sylvatica�CMercurialis perennis woodland (W12). The Mercurialis perennis subcommunity is also found beyond the native range of beech in north Humberside and west Yorkshire. The field http://www.selleckchem.com/products/sch772984.html layer of the Fagus�CMercurialis woodland is characteristic of base-rich soils and similar to Fraxinus�CAcer�CMercurialis woodland (W8), particularly in the Mercurialis perennis subcommunity. Other trees may invade gaps, including Fraxinus excelsior, Quercus robur, Acer pseudoplatanus and, on drier sites, Sorbus aria and Taxus baccata. These last two may be relicts of an earlier successional stage but on the steepest, rockiest slopes, where beech is generally ?30?m tall), forming even-topped, closed stands that are characteristic of the dip slopes of the Chilterns and less commonly the North and South Downs and the New Forest. Pollarding has been common in this community type, leading to characteristic stands in the New Forest and Burnham Beeches, Buckinghamshire. Quercus robur, Betula spp. and Prunus avium are the more characteristic trees occasionally squeezing into the canopy, http://www.selleckchem.com/products/Bortezomib.html with a second tier of shade-tolerant trees below, particularly Ilex aquifolium and a dense ground cover of Rubus fruticosus. On the most acidic and infertile soils on which beech dominates (moving from mull to mor humus), the community changes to Fagus sylvatica�CDeschampsia flexuosa woodland (W15) as typified by woodlands of the Weald, New Forest and parts of the Chiltern Plateau. Here, beech does not grow as well ( http://www.selleck.cn/products/gdc-0068.html so in the wetter Vaccinium myrtillus subcommunities. As in the Fagus�CRubus woodland, Ilex aquifolium is frequent below the canopy along with Pteridium aquifolium, D.?flexuosa and abundant bryophytes. It has been suggested that the three main types of beech forest are related in seral sequence, Fagus�CRubus leading to Fagus�CMercurialis to Fagus�CDeschampsia although this is undoubtedly an oversimplification (Rodwell 1991) since Fagus�CDeschampsia and Quercus�CBetula�CDeschampsia communities, and indeed Fagus�CDeschampsia and Fagus�CRubus communities, may cyclically alternate.