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2002). In addition, the supportive role of exogenous HA in wound healing has been reported to be attributed to its ability to retain moisture, thus supporting http://www.selleckchem.com/products/sch772984.html various processes such as proteolytic degradation of provisional matrix to promote epithelial migration, regeneration and remodelling (Anilkumar et?al. 2011). An in vitro study was used to demonstrate the anti-inflammatory effects of HA in ethanol-induced damage in skin cells by regulating excessive production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (Neuman et?al. 2011). In the study, human A431 epidermoid skin cells and mouse fibroblasts were treated with 100?mmol?l?1 ethanol for 24?h to induce damage, while control cells were exposed only to plain medium for 24?h. Treatment for the ethanol-induced damage skin cells http://www.selleck.cn/products/gdc-0068.html with HA at concentration of 4% significantly (P? http://www.selleckchem.com/products/Bortezomib.html those of animal source (Shiedlin et?al. 2004). To date, only a few bacterial species are known to produce HA: group A and group C streptococci (Gram positive) and Pasteurella multocida (Gram negative). It was reported for the first time in 2009 that HA is produced in milk broth through fermentation by a putative probiotic strain Streptococcus thermophilus YIT2084 (Izawa et?al. 2009). It has also been reported that fermentations by Streptococcus zooepidemicus can produce low-molecular-weight HA (