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The authors are grateful to Dr. Anne Croy, Kingston, Canada for language review of the manuscript and for valuable suggestions. Additional supporting information may be found in the online version of this article. ""Cryopreserving ovarian tissue followed by transplantation has been suggested to preserve fertility for young cancer survivors. However, ischemia in the early stage after transplantation causes massive follicle loss. The aim was to investigate the http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YES1 histological and ultrastructural characteristics of the frozen-thawed human fetal ovarian tissue after xenotransplantation and the effects of Salviae miltiorrhizae (SM) on the angiogenesis. The human fetal ovarian tissues were frozen-thawed, xenografted into the immunodeficient nu/nu mice, and then collected 2, 7, and 28 days after transplantation. SM was administered. Compared with that of the frozen-thawed ovarian tissue, the total follicle number of the grafts was greatly reduced. Nearly http://www.selleckchem.com/products/azd9291.html half of the primordial follicles were damaged at different levels on day 2. Moreover, edema was prevalent in the stroma during the first week after the graft, especially on day 2. The microvessel density of the grafts was increased on day 2, reached a peak on day 7, and then declined on day 28. Both healthy primordial follicle proportion and the total healthy primordial follicles pool in the SM group were significantly higher than those of the control group (P = 0.003 and P = 0.001). We found a statistically significant difference of microvessel density between the two groups on day 2 (P http://www.selleckchem.com/products/carfilzomib-pr-171.html increase of long-term survival after cancer treatment, but it also frequently causes ovarian failure and infertility. This has become a major clinical issue that reduces the life quality of young women cancer survivors. One option for rescuing fertility is to retrieve and cryopreserve the ovarian tissue before performing destructive treatments. Those frozen-thawed ovarian tissues can be autotransplanted for natural pregnancy; and alternatively, they can be xenotransplanted into immunocompromised mice to grow and mature oocytes for in vitro fertilization. In recent years, significant progress has been made in the field of frozen-thawed ovarian tissue transplantation. So far, five children have been reported born as a result of autotransplanting frozen-thawed ovarian tissue (Donnez et al., 2004; Meirow et al., 2005; Demeestere et al., 2007; Andersen et al., 2008).