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This provides evidence that improvements in near VA are sustained for longer after EV training than after the provision of magnifiers alone. However, the outcomes of this study are once again limited by the lack of masking of the investigators and the collection of outcome data by the individuals that administered the training. In addition, there was considerable overlap between the participants recruited to this study[55] and those recruited to the later study by these authors, in which the effect of EV training on near VA and performance of activities of daily living were assessed.[56] It has been proposed that the assessment of reading speed provides a more valuable indication of visual performance in individuals with CVL than the assessment of VA alone, as it is a more demanding http://www.selleckchem.com/products/AZD1152-HQPA.html visual task.[62] With the exception of one small before and after study,[63] the 21 studies included in the review that used reading speed as an outcome measure reported increases in the reading speed of the participants after training. For example, in a before and after training comparison of 14 participants with bilateral CVL that completed a computer-based EV and SES training program, Kasten http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MRIP et?al.[64] found a significant increase (p? http://www.selleckchem.com/products/pf-06463922.html errors after training?=?0.29?��?0.29), with effect sizes of 0.46 for reading speed and 0.76 for the error rate. Similarly positive results were reported in a trial by Vingolo et?al.[65], which compared two types of biofeedback (acoustic and luminous) in training participants (n?=?15 per group, with bilateral neovascular AMD) to use a trained retinal locus. Auditory and visual stimuli, respectively, were provided to indicate the proximity of fixation to the desired trained retinal locus. Training involved 10-min training sessions administered using a microperimeter on a weekly basis for 12?weeks. There was a significant improvement in reading speed in both groups, with the luminous biofeedback group achieving a large effect size of 1.13. This trial lacked a control group, but was randomised, and outcome data were not collected by the individual carrying out the training. Few studies have examined the effect of training on other clinical measures of vision. However, the effect of training on distance VA has received some attention. An increase in distance VA was reported in two small before and after studies (n?=?5 for each study),[35, 37] one randomised trial,[65] and one case study.
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