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, 2002b). Using BSE imaging to measure the thickness of the CFC layer in each vertebral region, the CFC was found to have an average thickness of 146.3?��?70.53 ?m (range 10.37�C534.7 ?m, median 133.8 ?m) in the cervical region, 98.2?��?40.29 ?m (range 14.52�C323.64 ?m, median 92.32 ?m) in the thoracic region, and 150.89?��?69.25 ?m (range 9.51�C512.43 ?m, median 144.18 ?m) in the lumbar region (Fig. 5). Comparing the CFC thickness of the three vertebral levels using paired t tests, differences between the cervical and lumbar regions were not significant (P?=?0.39), while the thoracic http://www.selleckchem.com/products/SRT1720.html region had a significantly thinner CFC layer than both the cervical (P? http://www.selleckchem.com/products/Adrucil(Fluorouracil).html (Fig. 6). Single and double tetracycline labels were visualized in the adjacent cortical endplate, whereas no single or double labels were identified in the CFC layer (Fig. 4), indicating the CFC along the endplates was not being actively remodeled. Using the double labels, MAR was calculated for each spine region. There was no significant difference in MAR between the three regions of the spine (Table 1). Sheep are often used as an appropriate animal model since the species closely replicates human spinal anatomy http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MERTK and biomechanical properties (Wilke et al., 1997b), possesses a similar higher mineral presence in the CFC of proximal femurs, and has similar structure and lacunae density (Shea et al., 2002b). After a careful literature search, no published reports on vertebral CFC in the sheep model were located and this study aimed to be the first to characterize this distinct tissue layer in all three regions of the ovine spine. This distinct tissue boundary has been previously identified through lacunar morphology and grayscale levels using BSE (Bloebaum et al., 1997). Peng et al. (2001) compared the thickness of the calcified and uncalcified cartilage layer in rabbit spines during disc degeneration, but was unable to differentiate between mineralized tissues without an SEM using the BSE imaging mode. Employing this unique imaging technology, coupled with the correlated histological techniques, the results collected in this study confirmed the presence of CFC on the vertebral endplate in the sheep at the terminal region of the disc margins (Figs. 2 and 6).