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To assess the long-term survival of these cells, recipients received subretinal transplants, as previously described [2], and the total number of integrated Nrl.gfp+ve cells was quantified at 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 months (Fig. 1A). Numerous integrated photoreceptors were observed at 2 months post-transplantation and there was no significant difference compared with 1-month (930 �� 291 vs. 1,057 �� 223 cells per eye; p > .05, ANOVA). However, http://www.selleckchem.com/products/VX-770.html we observed a significant loss of integrated photoreceptors with time. At 4 months only 85 �� 21 cells per eye remained (p http://www.selleck.cn/products/mi-773-sar405838.html (numbers at 12 months were too few to test; Fig. 1C). Thus, correctly integrated photoreceptors can survive for extended periods of time in the recipient retina albeit at significantly reduced numbers. This prompted us to examine how integrated Nrl.gfp+ve photoreceptors are lost over time. Integrated photoreceptor survival may be affected by nonimmunological mechanisms, such as intrinsic developmental programs and synaptic connectivity, and/or host immune responses including acute innate and adaptive immune responses to allogeneic grafts. Although the majority of retinae recovered quickly following transplantation, a proportion (22%) exhibited macrophages at the site of transplantation, together with decreased green fluorescent protein (GFP) expression in the cell mass and the presence of autofluorescent cell debris within the subretinal space http://www.selleckchem.com/products/Imatinib-Mesylate.html and, occasionally, the retina. We also observed significantly reduced numbers (169 �� 83 cells per eye) of integrated Nrl.gfp+ve photoreceptors in these eyes, compared with the majority of unaffected eyes (1,435 �� 180 cells per eye; p