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36; Fig.?5). About 85% of the effects that grass cover had on functional attributes were direct; the remainder were indirectly mediated by its relationship with species richness. Shrub cover and species richness also had http://www.selleckchem.com/products/pd-0332991-palbociclib-isethionate.html direct positive effects on ANPP, PUE and PMR, but their direct path sizes were about 30% and 50% of those of grass cover (Fig.?5). Most of the effect of precipitation on ANPP was direct (approximately 66%), and the remainder was mediated by the positive effects that precipitation had on grass cover (Figs?3 and 5a). The relationship between precipitation and grass cover partially offset about 25% and 50%, respectively, of the negative direct effect that precipitation had upon PUE and PMR (Fig.?5b,c). Mean annual temperature had a strong negative indirect effect on ANPP and PUE, which was mediated by the negative effect that temperature had on grass cover and species richness and the positive effect that temperature had on shrub cover (Fig.?5a,b). Temperature also had a positive direct effect on PMR, which was partially offset (approximately 60%) by its negative effect on grass cover and species richness (Fig.?5c). The proportion of precipitation falling in spring�Csummer showed strong positive effects on ANPP, PUE and PMR. Most of these effects were indirect, as they were mediated mainly by the positive effect on grass cover and, to a lesser extent, shrub cover and species richness (Fig.?5a�Cc). http://www.selleckchem.com/products/Trichostatin-A.html The proportion of precipitation falling in spring�Csummer also had a direct positive effect on ANPP and PMR (Fig.?5a,c). Our results provide important insights into the relationships between climate and ecosystem structure and function, which would be extremely difficult to obtain using small-scale factorial experiments or empirical bivariate studies. According to our hypothesis, we found that vegetation structural attributes explained a significant and unique portion (i.e. independent of that explained by climate) of the variability found in ecosystem functional characteristics at the regional scale, which is as important as that explained by climate. These results highlight the importance of accounting for both climatic features and vegetation structure when modelling ANPP and related functions at the regional scale and suggest that human impacts can strongly shape ANPP dynamics through their imprint on vegetation structure. We found that http://www.selleck.cn/products/ve-822.html temperature and the amount and seasonal distribution of precipitation were important controls of vegetation structure in Patagonian rangelands. However, climate explained