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Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted to identify all reports in the English language evaluating GDF-5 using the PubMed and Google search engines, and a manual search of the reference lists from the electronically retrieved reports. Two reviewers independently screened the titles and abstracts from a total of 69 reports, 22 of which were identified as pre-clinical (in vivo) evaluations of GDF-5. The full-length article of the 22 pre-clinical reports was then reviewed. Results: Various http://www.selleckchem.com/GSK-3.html applications including cranial and craniofacial bone formation, spine fusion, long bone fracture healing, cartilage, and tendon/ligament repair using a variety of small and large animal platforms evaluating GDF-5 as a therapeutic agent were identified. A majority of studies, using biomechanical, radiographic, and histological analysis, demonstrated significant dose-dependent effects of GDF-5. These include increased/enhanced local bone formation, fracture healing/repair, and cartilage and tendon/ligament formation. GDF-5 frequently was shown to accelerate wound maturation. Several studies demonstrated GDF-5 to be a realistic alternative to autograft bone. Studies using pre-clinical models and human histology suggest GDF-5 may also increase/enhance periodontal wound healing/regeneration. Conclusions: GDF-5 appears a promising therapeutic agent for periodontal wound healing/regeneration as GDF-5 supports/accelerates bone and tendon/ligament formation in several musculoskeletal settings including periodontal tissues. ""To http://www.selleckchem.com/screening/tyrosine-kinase-inhibitor-library.html evaluate the radiographic changes of the alveolar ridge following application of different ridge preservation techniques 6?months after tooth extraction. Four treatment modalities were randomly assigned in 40 patients: ��-tricalcium-phosphate-particles with polylactid coating (��-TCP), demineralized bovine bone mineral with http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VAV2 10% collagen covered with a collagen matrix (DBBM-C/CM), DBBM-C covered with an autogenous soft-tissue graft (DBBM-C/PG) and spontaneous healing (control). Cone-beam computed tomography scans were performed after treatment and 6?months later. After 6?months, the vertical changes ranged between ?0.6?mm (?10.2%) for control and a gain of 0.3?mm (5.6%) for DBBM-C/PG on the lingual side, and between ?2.0?mm (?20.9%) for ��-TCP and a gain of 1.2?mm (8.1%) for DBBM-C/PG on the buccal side. The most accentuated ridge width changes were recorded 1?mm below the crest: ?3.3?mm (?43.3%, C), ?6.1?mm (?77.5%, ��-TCP), ?1.2?mm (?17.4%, DBBM-C/CM) and ?1.4?mm (?18.1%, DBBM-C/PG). At all three levels, DBBM-C with either CM or PG was not significantly differing (p?>?0.05), while most other differences between the groups reached statistical significance (p?