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In patients who received immediate intravesical epirubicin therapy, the recurrence rate was lower than those who did not receive immediate intravesical epirubicin therapy (34.4% vs 52.1%, P?=?0.026). In the multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression analysis, immediate intravesical epirubicin therapy was significantly associated with cancer recurrence in the patients with NMIBC (HR 0.171, P? http://www.selleck.cn/products/CAL-101.html cells, technical heterogeneity, observer subjectivity, and variations in grade and stage distribution of study populations.9 http://www.selleckchem.com/products/bay-57-1293.html Budman et?al. reported that urine cytology has 12.1�C84.6% sensitivity and 78.0�C100% specificity.10 Its very high specificity is the most important feature of cytology, because a positive reading regardless of cystoscopic or radiographic findings suggests the existence of malignancy in the vast majority of patients.10 IUC has the same pathological property as usual follow-up urine cytology, but IUC can predict cancer recurrence immediately. Also, urine cytology is an easy and non-invasive examination method to detect the recurrence of NMIBC. Some studies have suggested that positive preoperative urine http://www.selleckchem.com/products/gsk2126458.html cytology was related to bladder cancer recurrence.11,12 However, there is no research that has studied IUC. TURBT is one of the most common urological procedures. Complete tumor resection is mandatory for adequate staging and it serves as definitive therapy, at least for NMIBC. However, there is growing evidence that TURBT is incomplete in a significant number of cases.13 It might contribute to the high number of recurrences observed in up to 50�C80% of patients, of which most occur during the first year after TURBT.14 The majority of patients diagnosed with new or recurrent bladder tumors after a first transurethral resection have a significant tumor load based on the findings of a contemporary second resection.13 Most urologists would agree in general that initial transurethral resection of bladder tumors should be thorough and complete, but there are many factors that confound the adequacy of resection, including multiplicity of disease, capability and perseverance of the resectionist, quality of specimens provided, and pathological analysis. Tumor burden can be left in the bladder after TURBT for NMIBC. We assume that it can be detected by IUC. Several studies have suggested risk tables for the recurrence and progression of NMIBC, such as the number of tumors, tumor size, prior recurrence rate, T category and presence of CIS.