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If the fitnesses of genotypes ����/����, ??/����, and ??/?? are 1 ?s1, 1, and 1 ?s2, respectively, the expected equilibrium frequency of haplotype ?? is (6) First, if the only haplotypes present are ���� and ??, and haplotype ?? has an initial frequency of 0.0061, the variants quickly go to their expected equilibria (in 80 and 60 generations, they are about 95% of the way to the equilibria for the Kenya and Papua New Guinea fitness estimates). Second, if both deletion haplotypes are introduced simultaneously at a frequency of 0.0061, then Figure 3 gives the expected frequencies over time using a standard http://www.selleck.cn/products/bmn-673.html population genetics model for selection between three alleles (e.g., Hedrick, 2011b). Here the Kenyan and Papua New Guinea fitness estimates as above are used and the fitness of genotype ??/?�� is assumed to be 0.8. For the Kenya estimates, both deletion haplotypes initially increase and then haplotype ?? is eliminated by generation 150 while haplotype ?�� goes to fixation around generation http://www.selleckchem.com/products/PD-0332991.html 300, very similar to the results in Figure 2 when haplotype ?? was not present (similar results occur when genotype ??/?�� ranges from 0 to 1). On the other hand, for the Papua New Guinea estimates, the ?? haplotype quickly increases to 0.070, very near its expected equilibrium of 0.072 when haplotype ?�� is not present, and remains there for nearly 700 hundred generations. The frequency of haplotype ?�� increases only gradually over this time but around generation 800, it begins to increase and is nearly fixed by generation 1000. Over this same period of about 200 generations, the ?? haplotype is eliminated. For these fitnesses, ?�� goes to fixation only when genotype ??/?�� is 0.79 or above. When the fitness of this genotype is 0.78 or less, haplotype ?�� does not increase in frequency and haplotypes ?? and ���� go to their polymorphic equilibrium. http://www.selleckchem.com/products/Everolimus(RAD001).html Recently, the deletional mutation rate for �� globin (Lam & Jeffreys, 2006) and the amount of protection for �� thalassemia genotypes in malarial environments have been estimated (Allen et al., 1997; Williams et al., 2005a). Here I use these values to examine the expected pattern of selection in nonmalarial environments and the dynamics of selection in malarial environments for �� globin deletion variants. Such data were not available for the early theoretical investigations of �� globin variation (Wills & Londo, 1981; Yokoyama, 1983a, 1983b). Further, these early studies focused on the potential for equilibria in malarial environments, rather than the dynamics of evolutionary change. First, in a nonmalarial environment, the permissible level of selection s against ��+ thalassemia homozygotes is low and the range is narrow. Assuming that the level of dominance h