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The number of sown plants to establish in plots was highly variable, ranging from 0 to 251 in the first year and from 0 to 115 in the second. The back-transformed 95% confidence interval for least-squared mean density in year one was 13�C18 individuals per plot, while in year two it was 10�C14 individuals per plot. Although year was a significant predictor of density http://www.selleck.cn/products/ve-822.html (Table?S2 in Appendix S3), it did not interact with other factors, indicating that variables related to the experimental design or the microhabitat had constant effects over time. Density depended significantly on the seed diversity treatment and on several microhabitat variables that estimated either spatial averages or spatial variability of environmental features. Seed diversity alone explained 37% of the variance in density while ��average�� microhabitat variables explained 7% http://www.selleckchem.com/products/pd-0332991-palbociclib-isethionate.html of the variance (or 15% when interactions with seed diversity were included). ��Variability�� variables explained 16% of this variance (or 18% when interactions with seed diversity were included; Table?S2 in Appendix S3). Density increased with mean soil pH and decreased with both surface cover by till and mean soil moisture, but moisture and pH effects were only significant in plots sown with 12 species (Fig.?S2 in Appendix S3). Above and beyond these effects of ��average�� conditions, established density responded strongly and positively to two metrics of within-plot spatial heterogeneity: Microhabitat H�� and soil depth CV (Fig.?1). Neither heterogeneity effect interacted with the seed biodiversity treatment. Although soil pH CV was also significant (Table?S2 in Appendix S3), inspection of the significant interaction of this variable with seed diversity indicated the positive effect of heterogeneity was confined to a single seed diversity treatment (��3a��). Under average environmental conditions, plots seeded with either three-species mixture performed equivalently to plots receiving all six species combined, but plots seeded with 12 species http://www.selleckchem.com/products/Trichostatin-A.html exhibited 11% greater density than plots seeded with either six-species mixture (contrast of difference: F1,112?=?16.94, P?