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, 2012a, 2012b, 2013). However, no differences http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%CE%BAB%CE%B1 in activity pattern have been reported between the two species, both of which are diurnal (Houston, 1986; del Hoyo et al., 1994) with occasional observations of nocturnal behavior (Tabor and McAllister, 1988; Mandell and Bildstein, 2007; Charette et al., 2011). In comparison with other birds, the C:T and C:A values for both turkey and black vultures are well within the values previously documented for diurnal birds and are much lower than the ratios found in nocturnal species, such as kiwi (Apteryx sp.), kakapo (Strigops habroptilus) and some owls (Hall and Ross, 2007; Martin et al., 2007; Corfield et al., 2011; Lisney et al., 2012a, 2013). When taken in this context, the eyes of both vulture species are clearly adapted for diurnal vision and the differences in eye shape probably do not represent a substantial difference in visual abilities. The analysis of the soma area of cells in the RGC layer revealed a wide range of soma sizes. Because we did not differentiate between RGCs and displaced amacrine cells, it should be noted that some of the smaller cells included in the analysis of soma area are very likely to have been amacrine cells (putative http://www.selleckchem.com/products/DMXAA(ASA404).html displaced amacrine cells in avian retinae are typically http://www.selleckchem.com/products/Temsirolimus.html Chen and Naito, 1999). However, it is not possible to simply classify all of the smallest cells as amacrine cells, because retrograde labeling studies have revealed that very small (��20 ?m2) RGCs are present in avian retinas (Bravo and Pettigrew, 1981; Ikushima et al., 1986) and that the size ranges of amacrine cells and very small RGCs overlap (Hayes, 1984). The wide range of soma sizes we found in the RGC layer in both species of vultures probably reflects the presence of a variety of different RGC classes, as in other birds (Bravo and Pettigrew, 1981; Ikushima et al., 1986; Naito and Chen, 2004; Lisney et al., 2012a). This includes a sub-population of large, sparsely distributed RGCs with two to four primary dendrites (Fig. 3). Although we did not quantify the morphology or the distribution of these cells in this study, we encountered these cells in the low density, and to a lesser extent, medium density regions of the retina in both species. These large cells appear to resemble the ��giant ganglion cells,�� whose population has been described and mapped topographically in other birds (Hayes et al., 1991; Coimbra et al., 2006, 2009, 2012). The soma area frequency distributions were similar for both species, which is consistent with Inzunza et al.'s (1991) observations for black vultures and Andean condors.