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In the warfarin group, compared to the aspirin group and placebo, there was a significantly lower incidence of embolic complications (5, 20 and 21 events, respectively, p http://www.selleck.cn/products/Paclitaxel(Taxol).html 1.5, corresponding to an INR between 1.5 and 2.7) http://www.selleckchem.com/products/Maraviroc.html or no anticoagulant treatment (n=208; aspirin or nothing). 11 Exclusion criteria were intracardiac thrombus, left ventricular aneurysm, severe CHF, valve replacement, stroke in the previous 6 months, increased bleeding risk, planned cardioversion, indication for aspirin therapy or indication or contraindication for anticoagulation. The primary endpoint was ischemic stroke. Systemic embolism was also an endpoint. Bleeding complications and deaths were recorded. The mean follow-up was 2.2 years. The annual rate of stroke was 2.98% in the placebo group and 0.41% in the warfarin group (RR 0.14, p=0.0022). The annual mortality rate was 5.97% for placebo and 2.25% for warfarin (RR 0.38, p=0.005). There was only one fatal hemorrhage in each group, and three major bleeding events (two with warfarin and one with placebo). http://www.selleckchem.com/products/pirfenidone.html There were 38 minor bleeding episodes with warfarin and 21 episodes with placebo (RR 1.62, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.95�C2.74). Some of the main results are shown in Table 2. In the Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation (SPAF) multicenter randomized trial, 1330 patients with permanent or paroxysmal nonvalvular AF diagnosed by ECG 12 months previously were enrolled in order to compare aspirin (325?mg daily, double-blind) or warfarin (INR 2.0�C4.5) with placebo.12 Patients with ischemic stroke and TIA more than two years before the study were included. Patients were excluded if they had valve replacement, mitral stenosis, or other requirements or contraindication for aspirin or warfarin therapy. Two groups were formed. In group 1, patients received warfarin openly (n=210) or, blindly, aspirin (n=206) or placebo (n=211). In group 2, patients received aspirin (n=346) or placebo (n=357). The primary endpoint was ischemic stroke and systemic embolism. During a median follow-up of 1.3 years, there was a 42% reduction in the primary event rate in group 2 (3.6%/year [aspirin] vs. 6.3%/year [placebo], p=0.02) and a 67% reduction in group 1 (2.3%/year [warfarin] vs. 7.4%/year [placebo], p=0.01).