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The odors were presented in the following order: water, almond, http://www.selleck.cn/products/Verteporfin(Visudyne).html banana, social scent 1, and social scent 2. After completion, the mouse was returned to its home cage. An observer with a stopwatch recorded the seconds each mouse spent within 2?cm of each odor stimulus, which was analyzed by two-way repeated measures ANOVA with Bonferroni post-tests for each portion of the test. Self-grooming behavior was scored by placing each mouse in an empty cage, without bedding. Each mouse was allowed to habituate to this new environment for 10?min. An observer with a stopwatch recorded time spent grooming over the next 10?min. Total grooming time over 10?min was analyzed by Kruskal�CWallis test with Dunn's post-test. Individual mice of each genotype were video recorded in their home cage for http://www.selleckchem.com/products/VX-770.html 24?hr while maintaining their 12:12 light�Cdark schedule. Automated video analysis was conducted using HomeCageScan (Clever Sys, Inc., Reston, VA) to measure grooming behavior. Time spent grooming in 24?hr was analyzed by one-way ANOVA. The Itgb3 knockout animals showed no difference in distance traveled, the primary dependent variable, during the 15?min spent in the OF (Fig. 1A, Kruskal�CWallis test statistic 1.96, P=0.38; non-parametric analysis chosen due to trend for unequal variances on Bartlett's test, P=0.06, n=13+ /+, 23 + / ?, 8 ? / ?). Similarly, no difference was seen on the secondary variables in the OF, including ambulatory time (Fig. 1B, one-way ANOVA, F=0.91, P=0.41), resting time (Fig. 1C, one-way ANOVA, F=2.10, P=0.14), and vertical time (Fig. 1E, Kruskal�CWallis 3.47, P=0.18); although significantly decreased variability was seen in Itgb3 ? / ? animals on vertical time (Bartlett's test for unequal variances P=0.02). In the EPM, the Itgb3 knockout animals showed no difference on the primary dependent http://www.selleckchem.com/products/ch5424802.html variable, the ratio of time spent in the open arms in contrast with the total time spent in either the open or closed arms (Fig. 2A, one-way ANOVA, F=0.51, P=0.60, n=13 + /+, 23 + / ?, 8 ? / ?). Likewise, there was no difference in the number of entries to the open arms (Fig. 2B, one-way ANOVA, F=0.49, P=0.61). Consistent with the activity data from the OF, there was no difference in total entries on the EPM (Fig. 2C, one-way ANOVA, F=0.84, P=0.44). On the three-chamber test of sociability, all three genotypes showed significant sociability, or preference for the novel mouse over the novel object, with no effect of genotype (Fig. 3A, two-way repeated measures ANOVA, genotype by stimulus interaction F=0.01, P=0.99; stimulus main effect F=42.64, P