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098), but did contain higher densities of wood-quails (odontoph, 184%= mean hunted/mean nonhunted density), and Spix's Guan (penejacq, 169%) (as well as gray monk sakis [pithirro, 421%]; Tables 1 and S2; although this species was not included in the dataset; see ��Methods��). CCA of the biomass dataset produced a more T-shaped distribution of survey sites (Fig. S1B). Community biomass composition was not formally significantly different between hunted http://www.selleckchem.com/products/ly2157299.html and nonhunted sites (P?=?0.16) nor between lowland and upland forest sites (P= 0.36). Nonetheless, there were clear effects of hunting on overall biomass. The total censused vertebrate biomass at Yomybato and Tayakome, including white-lipped peccaries, amounted to only 25.8 and 36.2 percent of the average total censused biomass of the nonhunted sites, respectively (Table 2). The higher abundance of white-lipped peccaries in Tayakome accounted for most of the difference between the two Matsigenka settlements (Table 2). Interestingly, some species were more abundant in the hunted sites, especially in Yomybato (Fig. S1B). This study represents the first fully standardized, large-scale series of line-transect surveys of medium- to large-bodied terrestrial vertebrates in Manu Park. The Manu Park ecosystem contains a full complement of forest vertebrate species and, roughly >85 percent of the park area http://www.selleckchem.com/products/z-vad-fmk.html hunting for three decades or more. In fact, of all Neotropical forest sites investigated to date, Cocha Cashu Biological Station has been repeatedly portrayed as a prime example of a pristine lowland forest embedded within vast tracts of continuous wilderness areas, and complete with all harvest- and area-sensitive large-bodied vertebrates (Terborgh 1988). This has exposed a debate over the representativeness of a number of ecological processes uncovered at http://www.selleck.cn/products/XL184.html less extensive, more accessible, and more human-modified Neotropical forest sites where several species of large-bodied mammals are locally extinct (e.g., Barro Colorado Island: Wright et al. 1994). In the two Panagua census sites (far even from the migration routes of the nomadic Mashco Piro), it is possible that no hunting had taken place for half a century or more before the surveys, even by historical indigenous populations. This provides both an opportunity to characterize an intact vertebrate community and to gauge the effects of subsistence hunting by the two major Matsigenka settlements. Additionally, our standard line-transect census technique allows us to verify previous density estimates at the Cocha Cashu Biological Station. COCHA CASHU.�� A variety of census techniques have been used at Cocha Cashu to estimate the population densities of birds (Robinson & Terborgh 1990, Terborgh et al.