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Arabidopsis thaliana mutant and transgenic plants were all in the Col�C0 background, with the exception of mpk4�C1, which is in the Ler�C0 background. Wild-type plants were Col�C0 http://www.selleck.cn/products/incb024360.html or Ler�C0 according to the mutants with which they were being compared. Soil-grown plants were maintained at 22��C in a growth chamber with a 14?h light cycle (100?��E?m?2?sec?1). For experiments, seedlings were grown in half-strength MS medium at 22��C under continuous light (70?��E?m?2?sec?1). Unless indicated otherwise, 2-week-old seedlings were used for the experiments. Dexamethasone (DEX) and flg22 PAMP were used at final concentrations of 1?��m and 30?nm, respectively. SA and NA�CPP1 stock solutions were prepared in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), and used at the indicated final concentrations. An equal volume of DMSO was used for negative controls. In the luminol-based ROS assay, NA�CPP1 treatment was performed by http://www.selleckchem.com/products/cobimetinib-gdc-0973-rg7420.html addition of NA�CPP1 stock solution to the bathing medium. For the stomatal induction assay, MPK6SR or wild-type control seedlings were transferred to MS plates with various concentrations (0.1�C10?��m) of NA�CPP1 inhibitor, prepared similarly to other selection plates. For observation of the effect of NA�CPP1 on the stomatal development of MPK6SR seedlings, the seeds were germinated on MS plates without NA�CPP1. Five-days later, the seedlings were moved onto plates containing NA�CPP1 inhibitor (0.5?��m) or a DMSO solvent control, and newly emerged true leaves were sampled for microscopic observation and imaging. To determine the effect of NA�CPP1 http://www.selleckchem.com/products/bmn-673.html on inflorescence development, we grew the MPK6SR plants hydroponically as described previously (Tocquin et?al., 2003). NA�CPP1 (1?��m) was added to the medium just before the plants started to bolt. The photographs were taken a week later. At least two independent repetitions were performed for experiments with multiple time points. For single time-point experiments, at least three independent repetitions were performed. Statistical analysis was performed using GraphPad InStat?6.0 (http://www.graphpad.com/). Single and double asterisks indicate differences that are statistically significant (P?