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Of the 12 patients, 8 had a unilateral left varicocele and 4 bilaterally palpable varicoceles; 50% of the palpable varicoceles were of grade 3. Compared with the control population (12%), the prevalence of palpable varicocele http://www.selleckchem.com/products/BIBF1120.html in the first-degree relatives of patients with known varicocele (33.9%) was approximately 3-fold higher (P http://www.selleckchem.com/products/Metformin-hydrochloride(Glucophage).html of varicoceles in the control population (12%) was close to that of the largest reported incidence of 15% in other series. In a prospective study by Mokhtari et al (2008) they compared the prevalence of varicocele in first-degree relatives of patients with known varicocele and normal healthy kidney donation volunteers. It was shown that 45.4% of the first-degree family members, especially the brothers (55.1%), had varicocele in the clinical examinations, which showed a significant difference with the control group (11%; P http://www.selleck.cn/products/carfilzomib-pr-171.html brothers of men with varicoceles also had asymptomatic palpable varicoceles. The present study had few limitations. We enrolled only the available (71.7%), and not all, first-degree relatives of our patients, which might have caused some degree of selection and screening bias to the study. Additionally, sample size in this study is small. Studies on larger numbers of varicocele patients and their first-degree relatives are needed to evaluate the relation between the varicocele and the possibility of its detection in their relatives more precisely and determining its clinical importance.