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A total of 172 adult patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) with severe sepsis or septic shock were recruited. Patients were classified based on deciles of immunoglobulin concentrations at diagnosis of sepsis. Categorical variables were created and tested for their association with survival during hospitalization in the ICU. Overall, 42 patients died in the ICU during the study. Kaplan�CMeier analysis showed that immunoglobulin concentrations below 300?mg dL?1 for IgG1, 35?mg http://www.selleckchem.com/products/bmn-673.html dL?1 for IgM and 150?mg dL?1 for IgA were associated with shorter survival times. Multivariate regression analysis showed that IgG1? http://www.selleckchem.com/products/lee011.html http://www.selleck.cn/products/AZD6244.html morbidity and mortality and may be responsible for up to 3?million premature deaths each year worldwide. The mechanisms underlying the observed effects are poorly understood but are likely to be multifactorial. Here, we review the acute and chronic effects of air pollution exposure on the cardiovascular system and discuss how these effects may explain the observed increases in cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. It has long been recognized that air pollution is potentially detrimental to health. In 1661, John Evelyn, one of the founding members of the Royal Society, proposed that almost half of the deaths observed from ��phthisical and pulmonic distempers�� may be attributed to poor air quality and that inhabitants of polluted urban areas should ��move into the country�� where [the air] is excellent�� [1]. Well-documented episodes of air pollution, such as the Great Smog of London in December 1952 [2], are associated with marked increases in cardiorespiratory deaths. This has led to the implementation of legislation to improve air quality and has stimulated scientific study of the health effects associated with inhaling commonly found air pollutants. Large epidemiological studies have repeatedly demonstrated the association between exposure to air pollution and increased morbidity and mortality. In 1993, Dockery and colleagues reported the results of a landmark study (the Harvard Six Cities Study).