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2008�C3). It was also registered in the Chinese Clinical Trial Register (ChiCTR), a primary register of the WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (SN. ChiCTR-TRC-00000373) (11). All included patients provided informed consent. Patients with gastric adenocarcinoma verified by endoscopy and biopsy were potentially eligible. Inclusion criteria were: 1) preoperative http://www.selleck.cn/products/BKM-120.html 64 multi-detector spiral computed tomography assessment indicating resectable disease of TNM stage within cT1N0M0-cT3N1M0, as determined using Japanese Gastric Cancer Association (JGCA) classifications (12); 2) WHO performance score http://www.selleckchem.com/products/chir-99021-ct99021-hcl.html abdominal surgery; 4) previous operation on upper abdomen; 5) emergency operation due to major hemorrhage or perforation of gastric cancer; and 6) receipt of neo-adjuvant chemotherapy. This was a prospective non-randomized clinical controlled trial, and blinding was not feasible. In the series, eligible patients who were willing to undergo minimally invasive surgery were assigned to the LAG group. Concurrent eligible patients who did not ask for laparoscopic surgery were assigned to the conventional open gastrectomy (OG) group. The allocation was balanced by surgeons without personal preference. Both LAG and OG were performed by a single gastrointestinal surgical team (Chen JP, Chen ZX, Hu JK, Zhang B and Chen XZ) that had wide experience with open and laparoscopic procedures. All operations were performed with the intention of radical resection. The resection pattern of distal, proximal, or total gastrectomy was dependent on the site of stomach tumor. Intraoperative frozen section examination was carried out to ensure R0 resection in all the cases. D2 or D2+ lymphadenectomy according to the JGCA classification was adopted in both LAG and OG groups (12). Reconstruction patterns were Billroth-II anastomosis (anterior to transverse colon) for distal gastrectomy, esophago-gastric remnant anastomosis for proximal gastrectomy, and Roux-en-Y anastomosis (anterior to http://www.selleckchem.com/products/Y-27632.html transverse colon) for total gastrectomy. All LAG were performed by a single surgeon, Hu JK, and assistant surgeon Chen XZ. Fasting peripheral venous blood samples were collected on the mornings of the preoperative 1st (PRE) and postoperative 2nd (POD2) and 7th days (POD7). We expected that the POD2 levels might represent the initial stress of operation and anesthesia, while the POD7 levels might represent the end of the early postoperative period. The specimens were immediately transferred to and tested in the Lab of Clinical Immunology and the Lab of Clinical Biochemistry at West China Hospital, Sichuan University, China.