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Such time spans are similar to the minimal latent period assessed in different conditions (Armour et?al., 2004; Lovell et?al., 2004; Viljanen-Rollinson et?al., 2005), while an increase in latent period was even observed at low temperatures ( http://www.selleckchem.com/products/MDV3100.html and severity of first infections (Fig.?4). Debris acting as the local source of primary inoculum had a strong, although transient, effect on the early stages of epidemics. The effect, detected on first leaves, http://www.selleckchem.com/products/gsk1120212-jtp-74057.html vanished after 700��C-days (mid-March). At a given sampling date from November to March, this effect similarly decreased with increasing leaf layer, vanishing beyond the fifth leaf. Shaw & Royle (1989) found little difference in disease severity between first and second wheat by late autumn; there was no remaining effect by the spring. In barley net blotch caused by Py.?teres, however, Jordan & Allen (1984) found an effect of straw disposal and cultivation method (plough versus direct drill) on early disease incidence and severity comparable to the findings here. Crop debris can modify the soil local microclimate (Sharratt et?al., 1998; Hatfield & Prueger, 2004) and the phylloclimate (temperature perceived by the plant; Chelle, 2005), especially during winter. A 1��C difference on seedling leaves located close to the soil in the CD plot compared to the M or OR plots would have increased the thermal time scale by 40��C-days in 2008�C09 and by 25 in 2009�C10 at the occurrence of first symptoms. Such a temperature effect as an accelerator of early epidemic development could partially explain the percentage differences in disease http://www.selleck.cn/products/pd-1-pd-l1-inhibitor-2.html severity in the different plots. A simple method was designed to assess ascospore production on wheat debris in laboratory conditions. The decrease in the ratio ARI/PI on debris collected from the field after mid-December could be interpreted as the partial exhaustion of pseudothecia (Fig.?5d). Assuming that the number of ��clusters�� was proportional to the number of fertile pseudothecia before this date, it was estimated that a pseudothecium could release 40�C70 ascospores (maximum) per collection event, which is consistent with the estimates given by Eriksen & Munk (2003). Ascospores (maximum c. 103?spores?g?1 per collection event) and pycnidiospores (maximum c. 106?spores?g?1 per collection event) were released from wheat debris collected in the field from September to March. Peaks in ascospore and pycnidiospore potential production coincided in November, when wheat seedlings emerged. This result is consistent, firstly with those obtained by Scott et?al.