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Images were smoothed using an 8-mm FWHM isotropic Gaussian kernel. The preprocessing steps were identical to the previously published work by Amen et al. In the previously published work, a subset of the HC dataset was used and matched on gender and race. For this work, all subjects were used regardless of race and gender. Coordinates for template patch sampling and S2 layer matching scores (see C1 Layer Training Patches and S2 Layer) http://www.selleckchem.com/products/CP-673451.html were constrained to fall within regions identified in Amen et al. as the top discriminating regions for the NFL group. To our knowledge, the Amen study was the first brain imaging study evaluating NFL players and as such, the regions were picked based only on that publication. For this study, we used AAL atlas regions (bilateral): anterior and posterior cingulum, frontal pole, hippocampus, amygdala, and temporal pole (middle and inferior). The NFL study was approved by each of the participating sites' Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) and complied with the Code of Ethics of the World Medical Association (Declaration of Helsinki). Written informed consent was obtained from all participants after they had received a complete description of the studies. The ADNI data were previously collected across 50 research sites. Study subjects gave written informed consent at the time of enrollment for imaging and genetic sample collection and completed questionnaires approved by each participating sites' Institutional Review Board (IRB). In order to identify which components https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crotamiton of the feed-forward hierarchical model implemented in this study were most important in correct classification, three separate feature sets were computed. The FTM (Gabor filter + template match) feature set is the result of the full hierarchical pipeline as described in Methods. In order to understand the effect of the Gabor filtering, the TM (template matching) dataset was created using the same procedures outlined in Methods without Gabor filtering. More precisely, the dataset consists of selecting template patches from the unfiltered images (neither S1 nor C1 layers) and performing the computations in the S2 and C2 layers. To evaluate the effect of template matching, the AP (average patch) feature set consists of simply averaging the voxels http://www.selleckchem.com/products/rxdx-106-cep-40783.html in the neighborhood around the prototype patch locations selected in C1 Layer Training Patches, across the various filter sizes (Table 1, row 2) and taking the maximum response. To compare the feature sets of the hierarchical model with more typical data reduction (DR) techniques, the maximum group difference (MaxT) and DR sets were computed. The MaxT feature set is computed by performing a typical voxel-wise independent, two-sample t-test in the SPM8 software. The resulting SPM(t) maps were then thresholded at P
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