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We found the predicted pattern: fish in the high food treatment grew faster and larger. In line with our expectations, pond fish showed stronger responses to the food treatment than marine fish. In pond populations where predation and interspecific competition are relaxed, nine-spined stickleback have evolved giant sizes (Herczeg, Gonda & Meril? 2009a). We assume that food availability and intraspecific competition http://www.selleckchem.com/products/SP600125.html are major selective factors in ponds based on the following points: (i) resource levels are expected to be temporally unstable because of the small size of the isolated water bodies ( http://www.selleck.cn/products/Imatinib(STI571).html effect of extra food was mainly apparent when the predation risk was absent. This might reflect to the fact that there is a foraging activity �C survival trade-off under predation risk in the wild (Lima & Dill 1990). This result shows that the presence of perceived predation risk alone can result in submaximal growth. We recently found http://www.selleckchem.com/products/AZD6244.html strong support for hyperallometry in sexual size dimorphism in nine-spined stickleback, with females being the larger sex (Herczeg, Gonda & Meril? 2010a). An interesting aspect of allometry in sexual size dimorphism is that the gender with the larger size variation is assumed to drive the body size evolution in the system, while the other sex follows it because of correlative selection (Fairbairn 1997), suggesting that female stickleback drive body size evolution in our system. Body size is positively correlated with reproductive output in nine-spined stickleback females (Heins, Johnson & Baker 2003; Herczeg, Gonda & Meril? 2010a), and thus, fecundity selection on female reproductive output has been suggested to be the main factor driving the evolution of gigantism in nine-spined stickleback (Herczeg, Gonda & Meril? 2010a). Hence, we expected that females would be the dominant sex in shaping patterns of habitat divergence in the extent of plasticity induced by our treatments. Our results show that this was indeed the case in our system. Females (especially from ponds) utilized the surplus energy in the high food treatment better than the males.