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The lung surfactant decreases the surface tension at the alveolar air�Cliquid interface. It therefore reduces the work of breathing and stabilizes alveolar inflation and deflation to avoid the alveoli collapsing or overexpanding at the end of expiration [20]. The solid tightly packed film formed by DPPC shows an impressive reduction in surface tension (up to https://www.selleckchem.com/products/midostaurin-pkc412.html compression, less hysteresis, and better respreading during cycling because unsaturated PLs form more fluid film at the air�Cliquid interface [20]. PLs in a hydrated PL bilayer are characterized by their Tc, for which the PLs are in an ordered solid crystal at temperatures below Tc and in a liquid crystalline phase (simply called ��liquid crystal phase��) at temperatures above Tc, with an intermediate state �C the lamellar gel phase (simply called ��gel phase��) �C just below Tc. The Tc is much lower than the solid�Cliquid melting point. The Tc depends on the length and saturation of fatty acyl chain as well as on the headgroup structure and on the chain linkage group. For example, DPPC (C16:0�CC16:0) presents a Tc of 41��C (Table 2), which confers its rigidity at body temperature, whereas the equivalent unsaturated PC (i.e., 1,2-dipalmitoleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, C16:1�CC16:1) presents a Tc of ?36��C. PE present higher Tc (e.g., dipalmitoyl-PE Tc of 63��C) than comparable PC (e.g., DPPC Tc of 41��C) due to additional intermolecular hydrogen bonding. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/liproxstatin-1.html The Tc can also be significantly increased by ionic interactions, such as in the case of anionic PG or PS in the presence of calcium. Chol can interact with PLs through https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketanserin the fatty acyl chain region in films and bilayers [20]. In lung surfactant, Chol disrupts packing in rigid gel-phase PL bilayers and surface films, while having the opposite action on fluid liquid crystal PL bilayers and films [20]. In water, PLs form aggregates due to their amphiphilic structure. These aggregates present a variety of configurations, whose aim is to reduce free energy, mainly through hydrophobic interactions. They can form micelles if they form simple spherical aggregates. However, the most common examples of PL aggregates in water are bilayers and multilayers (lamellae), unilamellar or multilamellar spheroidal vesicles (liposomes), and cylindrical hexagonal phases (Fig. 3). The alveolar hypophase contains a variety of lamellar and vesicular PL-rich aggregates as well as less regular forms. PL aggregation also depends on their interactions with SPs [20]. The first medical application of PLs in the lungs began in the 1990s. It treats respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) by delivering exogenous lung surfactant.