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, 1994). Although some studies reported the bioengineered urinary duct and bladder using the biodegradable scaffolds (Atala et al., 2006; Raya-Rivera et al., 2011), there are few reports describing the usability of tissue-engineered biodegradable scaffolds in the clinical setting so far. There are some limitations on the usage of biodegradable scaffolds such as (1) insufficient control of vascular network formation for the efficient oxygen and nutrient supply and the waste excretion and (2) transplanted cells injury due to significant immunoreactions following the polymer degradation in the scaffold (Yang et al., 2007). Cell sheet technology using a temperature-responsive culture surface is our original tissue engineering approaches (Fig. 1): ��Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide, http://www.selleckchem.com/products/AZD0530.html PIPAAm), a temperature responsive polymer, its copolymer show the hydrophobic state at 37��C and reversibly change to the hydrophilic state http://www.selleckchem.com/products/GDC-0941.html bellow 32��C. The temperature responsive culture dishes are covalently grafted with PIPAAm. The surface of these dishes is hydrophobic and cells adhere and proliferate at 37��C. However, by lowering temperature below at 32��C, the surface reversibly change to the hydrophilic state and cells cannot adhere to the surface due to the rapid hydration and the swelling of the grafted PIPAAm, which enables collection of a viable monolayer cell sheet with full preservation of the cell-cell contacts and extracellular matrices. This strategy can therefore be utilized to yield a noninvasive harvest of cultured cells as an intact layer cell sheet containing deposited extracellular matrices that can be collected in a non-enzymatic process by simply reducing the culture temperature to below 32��C for http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diglyceride commonly used for collecting cells from culture dishes. However, since these treatments disrupt cell adhesion proteins and extracellular matrices, the reduced cell viability and anoikis are also commonly observed. Conversely, temperature responsive culture surface is capable of harvesting cells noninvasively as intact layer cell sheets containing fully preserved extracellular matrices (Kushida et al., 1999). Since cell-sheets based bioengineered tissues do not contain biodegradable materials and avoid any limitation associated with scaffold degradation, these can be applied for the transplantation. To date, some clinical studies and trials have already started for various types of organ injuries, including cornea diseases based on cornea stem cell deficiency (Nishida et al., 2004), heart failure (Sawa et al., 2012), esophagus after endoscopic cancer resection (Ohki et al., 2012), periodontal diseases (Washio et al., 2010), and osteoarthritis of the knee (Ito et al., 2012). A wide variety of cell sources have been transplanted to many heart diseases through intracoronary infusion and intramyocardium injection approaches.