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Cut-off values were chosen based on the highest Youden index (Y = (Se + Sp) ? 1) of various combinations of Se and Sp.34 Multivariate logistic regression was used to predict the qualitative dichotomous variable ��CHF absent or CHF present�� (based on radiographic http://www.selleckchem.com/products/obeticholic-acid.html diagnosis) from observations of 1 or more independent variables by fitting a logistic function to the data. In addition to all tabulated variables, variables such as prior treatment with furosemide and presence of azotemia were also considered in the regression. Once variables with significant (P http://www.selleck.cn/products/LY294002.html the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC).38 Observer variability of echocardiographic measurements was calculated by coefficients of variation (CV = [standard http://www.selleckchem.com/products/Adriamycin.html deviation / average of measurements] �� 100) and expressed as CV in percent and also as absolute value of the respective variable.39 For all analyses, P-values ��.05 were considered significant. Demographic data, historical findings, and results of physical examination and blood pressure measurement are summarized in Table 1. At presentation, 11 (52%) dogs of Group-1 and 10 (42%) dogs of Group-2 were on long-term treatment with enalapril or benazepril. In Group-2, 12 (50%) had received furosemide within the last 12 hours before the study; however, they were still diagnosed with CHF at the time of thoracic radiography and echocardiography. At presentation, 1 (9%) dog of Group-3 and 2 (28%) dogs of Group-4 were on long-term treatment with enalapril or benazepril. In Group-4, 2 (28%) dogs had received furosemide within the last 12 hours before the study; however, they were still diagnosed with CHF at the time of thoracic radiography and echocardiography. Azotemia was detected in 1/10 dogs of Group-1, 5/24 dogs of Group-2, and no dogs in Group-3 or Group-4. In all dogs, BUN was