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1B). During fMRI the activated brain areas in SDS subjects differed from, and were smaller than those activated in controls, both when performing a task (Fig. 2I) and in the resting state (Fig. 2II). SDS subjects performed the Stroop task at the same time as controls, but with more errors (for both congruent and incongruent stimuli) (Table 2A). ICA of the BOLD signal in the resting condition showed different, and reduced, neuronal network recruitment in SDS (Table 2B). DTI showed large, consistent and significant differences between SDS and control subjects, in both FA and MD (in SDS, +37% and +35% respectively, p? http://www.selleckchem.com/products/LBH-589.html controls. For the six clusters identified, the higher FA values in the SDS group resulted from increased diffusion not only along the primary direction, but also along the secondary and tertiary directions. The connectivity maps representing the most likely pathways extending to and from each cluster identified in the TBSS analysis are shown in Fig. 3B. SDS subjects showed several cortical areas whose thickness shows a significant negative correlation with cognitive performance. This was particularly evident in the temporal, parietal and cingulate regions, whose http://www.selleckchem.com/products/Adriamycin.html thickness correlated negatively with performance in verbal reasoning, perceptual reasoning and memory. With regard to the six clusters where white matter was significantly altered, FA values in cluster 1 (fronto-callosal) correlated with a worse performance in executive functions; cluster 2 (frontal/external capsulae) and cluster 5 (anterior/medial/temporal) correlated negatively with verbal performance; cluster 3 (fronto-parietal) negatively correlated with perceptual https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentamorphone skills, verbal/non-verbal memory and executive function; FA values in cluster 4 (pontine) correlated negatively with visual�Cmotor integration function and cluster 6 with perceptual skills (Table 3; SI Table 2). The results of this study show diffuse alterations in grey and white matter associated with cognitive impairment in SDS subjects. To our knowledge, this is the first study that concurrently investigates brain structure and cognitive performance in SDS patients and healthy subjects, matched for age and gender. Cognitive function in SDS subjects was confirmed to be impaired, scoring in the lower normal range as regards both verbal and perceptual reasoning. Only some basic functions were found to be relatively well preserved (e.g.
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