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In recent years, our group has developed the Zurich Neuromotor Assessment (ZNA), a neurodevelopmental approach for the description of motor development from school age to adolescence that takes into account the large variability between children.5�C7 We note, however, that the ZNA was not designed for young children and is only applicable in individuals older than 5?years of age. Although several assessment batteries have been developed to detect motor abnormalities and movement disorders in preschool children,8,9 there are currently no data available that demonstrate the variability and evolution with increased age of gross and fine motor skills in typically developing preschool children. In very young children ( http://www.selleckchem.com/products/Imatinib-Mesylate.html described primarily on the basis of motor milestones,10,11 without taking account of the changes in performance. Although the question of how motor performance changes between infancy and school years has been addressed by several authors,3,12,13 most data for the validation and standardization of motor tests were gathered with the purpose of detecting deficiencies. In contrast, not as much attention has been given to typical movement skill development and its variation among children.14 In the previous articles by our group, timed performance and associated http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MERTK movements of neuromotor tasks in children from 5 to 18?years (ZNA5�C18) were reported and a detailed description of all neuromotor tasks was given.5,6 In this article, we focus on the added items to http://www.selleckchem.com/products/AP24534.html the ZNA for children between the ages of 3 and 5?years (ZNA3�C5). The aim of this study was to provide normative data (ordinal scores and timed performances) for gross and fine motor tasks as evaluated by the ZNA in typically developing children between 3 and 5?years of age. In this cross-sectional study, 101 children between 3 and 5?years of age (48 males, 53 females) were enrolled from day-care centres in the greater Zurich area. The age distribution was uniform with 29, 27, 28, and 17 children belonging to consecutive intervals of 6?months between 3 and 5?years. Only typically developing children without medical, developmental, and behavioural conditions (including motor problems), according to the caregivers at the centres, were selected. The study was approved by the institutional review board of Canton Zurich and was performed according to the Declaration of Helsinki. All families received a study description and provided written informed consent to participation of their children. The ZNA5�C18 is a standardized procedure for assessing the speed of several motor tasks (timed performance) and the quality of movements (i.e. intensity of associated movements).