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For the LGM we further post hoc masked those areas presumed to be under ice during the LGM. The ice-extent layer was taken from http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/pubs/ray2001/ray2001.html (Ray & Adams, 2001), which shows that studied sites in the Northern Pre-Ural were covered by ice during the LGM. However, recent work indicates that the http://www.selleckchem.com/products/ABT-737.html LGM ice sheet may not have reached the mainland of Russia east of the Kanin Peninsula, with the exception of a small area of NW Taimyr (Svendsen et?al., 2004). Therefore, our models are a conservative prediction of suitable habitats of the two Arctic species during the LGM. We also empirically tested present niche similarity and breadth utilizing ENMtools (Warren et?al., 2010). Niche breadth is estimated by calculating a standardized Levin's inverse concentration statistic utilizing Maxent output suitability scores per pixel. Values can range from 0 (only one pixel with suitability greater than zero) to 1 (all pixels equally suitable). Niche similarity is measured using Schoener's D with values also ranging from 0 (no overlap) to 1 (perfect overlap). To test if the niches were significantly different, we used a permutation test using ENMtools (Warren et?al., 2010) that creates two new distributions with the same number of data points as the two empirical examples, recalculates Schoener's D for each permutation, and compares the distribution of scores to the actual score. We were http://www.selleckchem.com/products/Nutlin-3.html able to amplify ancient DNA from 32 narrow-skulled vole samples from the Ural Mountains (North, Middle and South; see Supporting Table S1). In a first step of the analysis, we used Discriminant Analysis of Principal Components (DAPC) and network reconstructions to investigate phylogenetic relationships within our sampling both through time (temporal network) and between sampling locations (spatial network and DAPC analysis). The DAPC analysis shows a clustering with some overlap between Northern and Middle Ural (Supporting Figure S1) samples. While 3 of 4 Southern http://www.selleck.cn/products/Methazolastone.html samples form a clearly distinct cluster, the last sample clusters with the Middle Ural samples. The spatial statistical parsimony network constructed to investigate the phylogenetic relationships between the sampled locations (Supporting Figure S2) shows a close relationship between Northern and Middle Ural samples, as in the DAPC analysis. Again, three of four Southern samples showed a high genetic distance to the Northern/Middle Ural samples (at least 15 mutations to the closest Middle Ural haplotype). Thus, we only included samples from the North (18 samples ranging in age from