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Fracture rates were expressed as the number of men with first fractures per 1000 person-years Differences in baseline characteristics were compared by ANOVA for continuous variables. Linear regression models including weight, height, physical activity, calcium intake, and age were used to determine current smoking as an independent predictor of standardized BMD in all sites. Prevalent vertebral fractures were analyzed using binary logistic regression models, chi-square test, and Fisher's exact test. The incident fracture risk in smokers was calculated using Cox proportional hazard ratios adjusted for age, center, physical activity, calcium intake, weight, height, diseases (eg, cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, stroke, myocardial http://www.selleckchem.com/products/Y-27632.html infarction, and diabetes mellitus), http://www.selleckchem.com/products/chir-99021-ct99021-hcl.html treatment (eg, glucocorticoid) and BMD as covariates. A total of 3014 men participated in the study, but complete data concerning smoking were lacking for 11 men, leaving 3003 men for the present analyses. Among these, 252 men (8.4%) were current smokers. A total of 1693 (56.4%) were ex-smokers, and 1058 (35.2%) were never-smokers. There were 2751 (91.6%) nonsmokers, defined as ex-smokers + never smokers. Smokers were 0.68?year younger, 4.9?kg lighter and their body mass index (BMI) was 5.6% lower than nonsmokers. Physical activity was 27.5% lower and calcium intake was 7.9% higher in smokers compared with nonsmokers (Table 1). Myocardial infarction and cancer were the most frequent diseases (14.2% and 15.5%, respectively), and http://www.selleck.cn/products/pexidartinib-plx3397.html glucocorticoid treatment among the subjects was uncommon (1.9%) (Table 2). Among smokers, BMD was lower at all sites investigated (total hip: ?6.2%; femoral neck: ?5.6%; trochanter: ?6.7%; and lumbar spine: �C5.4% compared with nonsmokers; p?