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CC16, the primary protein produced by these cells, has already been identified as a potential marker of airway injury in other pathologic conditions, including ALI. A previous study showed that lower median CC16 levels were associated with ALI compared to controls with cardiogenic pulmonary edema (21). Serum CC16 levels were also decreased in patients with bronchiolitis obliterans after lung and allogeneic stem-cell transplantation (22,23). Brief exposure to smoke inhalation increases CC16 concentrations http://www.selleckchem.com/products/3-deazaneplanocin-a-dznep.html (24). We hypothesized that elevated levels of plasma CC16 would be associated with the development of high-grade PGD after lung transplantation. Additionally, we aimed to identify associations between preoperative plasma CC16 levels and common diagnoses leading to transplantation. The Lung Transplant Outcomes Group (LTOG) cohort in the United States is an ongoing multicenter, prospective cohort of lung transplant patients that has been previously described (13�C15). In this study, we included subjects from two sites, the University of Pennsylvania and Columbia, enrolled between October 2006 and May http://www.selleck.cn/products/pf-06463922.html 2008. Blood samples were collected before transplant and at 6 and 24 h after allograft reperfusion. Plasma samples were centrifuged within 30 min and then stored at �C80��C for subsequent analysis. Clinical data were collected prospectively for all patients as described in detail elsewhere (6). The Institutional Review Boards at each site approved this study. Informed consent was obtained from each patient enrolled in the cohort. The severity of PGD was graded according to the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation criteria (25). Chest radiographs were examined by two trained physicians to assess for the presence and severity of PGD with adjudication. These assessments were done immediately after transplantation (T0) and at 24, 48 and 72 h posttransplant and scores were reported at each time point. All patients with PGD had radiographs revealing diffuse alveolar infiltrates involving the lung allograft(s); the native lung was spared http://www.selleckchem.com/products/erastin.html in patients undergoing single lung transplant. The severity of PGD was graded by determination of the PaO2/FiO2 ratio. Grade 3 PGD was defined as PaO2/FiO2