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Ten studies, of which six were RCTs,15,16,32,38,40,41,50 reported data on gestational age at delivery or preterm birth ( http://www.selleckchem.com/products/bay80-6946.html in the US, a QE study that provided NEC alone reported no effect on neonatal mortality.48 In a four-country cRCT in Latin America, NEC provided as a comprehensive package of health messages had no effect on neonatal mortality or morbidity.50 Another QE study in the US that delivered NEC as part of a package of health messages reported significantly reduced length of hospital stay and admittance http://www.selleckchem.com/products/Bafetinib.html to the neonatal intensive care unit in the intervention compared with the control group.45 However, it is unclear to what extent these findings can be attributed the NEC component of the intervention http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MYO10 due to the inclusion of other health messages. Twenty studies reported data on the effect of NEC on dietary practices including changes in quantity and types of foods consumed or macro- and micronutrient intakes. Six studies reported on effect of NEC on compliance to micronutrient supplementation recommendations. Two studies examined the effect of NEC on uptake of antenatal care. These studies are qualitatively reviewed below. Nutrition education and counselling generally improved maternal diets including dietary practices and consumption of specific macro and micronutrients. In three QE studies and one RCT in the US,40,46�C48 enhanced vs. standard NEC and any NEC vs. no NEC were each associated with a significantly higher proportions of women reporting positive dietary changes and/or adherence to an ��appropriate�� or ��good�� diet. Similarly, a cRCT in Greece reported significantly increased snack consumption among women in the intervention clusters although other dietary measures were not different16 Lastly, positive deviance approaches to NEC in Egypt22 and Senegal27 significantly increased consumption of animal source foods. As well, in the Egyptian study a significantly greater proportion of women in the intervention group consumed more food than usual during pregnancy, specifically vegetables.22 Four RCTs16,24,31,42 and three QE studies26,33,49 tested the effect of NEC provided alone vs. no NEC on macro- and micronutrient intakes.