The classification about conjugated protein

In addition to amino acid components, protein-binding molecules also contain non-amino acid substances. The latter are called cofactors. The two are combined in a covalent or non-covalent form and are often separated from biological materials as a whole. Simple protein refers to the molecular composition, except for the polypeptide protein component composed of amino acids, without any non-protein components called pure protein. Many proteins in nature fall into this category. The binding protein is a combination of a simple protein and other compounds, and other compounds that are bound are usually called the non-protein part (prosthetic group) of the binding protein. According to the different non-protein parts, it is divided into nuclear protein (containing nucleic acid), glycoprotein (containing polysaccharide), lipoprotein (containing lipid), phosphoprotein (containing phosphoric acid), metalloprotein (containing metal) and chromoprotein (containing Pigment) and so on.

Definition

In addition to amino acid components, protein-binding molecules also contain non-amino acid substances. The latter are called cofactors. The two are combined in a covalent or non-covalent form and are often separated from biological materials as a whole. Simple protein refers to the molecular composition, except for the polypeptide protein component composed of amino acids, without any non-protein components called pure protein. Many proteins in nature fall into this category. The binding protein is a combination of a simple protein and other compounds, and other compounds that are bound are usually called the non-protein part (prosthetic group) of the binding protein. According to the different non-protein parts, it is divided into nuclear protein (containing nucleic acid), glycoprotein (containing polysaccharide), lipoprotein (containing lipid), phosphoprotein (containing phosphoric acid), metalloprotein (containing metal) and chromoprotein (containing Pigment) etc.

Classification

Bound proteins are mainly classified into the following categories. Chromoprotein: The combination of protein and pigment material, such as hemoglobin. Lecithin: Protein is combined with lecithin, such as fibrin and vitellin in the blood. Lipoprotein: soluble in water, it is a combination of fat and protein. Lipoprotein is a tool for the body to transport fat in the body. Including chylomicrons, very low-density lipoproteins, low-density lipoproteins, and high-density lipoproteins. Metalloproteins: Proteins bind to metals, such as transferrin and copper-zinc binding protein. Many enzymes contain metal ions. Mucin or glycoprotein: A protein containing carbohydrates such as mannose and galactose. The mucus secreted by human cell tissues contains mucin. Nucleoprotein: The protein binds to nucleic acid, and the nucleoprotein exists in tissue embryos and glandular tissues of the human body.

Glycoprotein

The protein covalently bound to carbohydrates has a sugar content of less than 4%. There are disaccharides, oligosaccharides and polysaccharides in sugar bases. Glycoprotein is a very complex type of protein with many types, such as: blood group glycoprotein, hormone glycoprotein, cell membrane glycoprotein, ovalbumin, and exogenous lectin.

Mucoprotein

The protein bound to amino polysaccharides has a sugar content of less than 4%. Generally contain β-glucosamine, which is bound to one or more of the following sugars: galactose, mannose, rhamnose, glucuronic acid, etc.

Nucleoprotein

Proteins that bind to nucleic acids. Such as: DNA nucleoprotein, ribosome, simple plant virus, etc. Nucleoprotein exists in all organisms, and the cytoplasm and nucleus contain nuclear protein.

Lipoprotein

Conjugated protein composed of protein and fat or lipids. Lipoproteins are widely present in animals. The lipoproteins in the blood of higher animals include α-lipoprotein and β-lipoprotein. The lipoprotein in the cell membrane affects the permeability of the cell membrane.

Phosphoproteins

Protein covalently bound to phosphoric acid. Phosphoric acid binds to the side chain hydroxyl group of serine or threonine of protein, and has dissociable acidic groups, which mainly exist in egg yolk and milk. Such as, casein, pepsin .

Metalloproteins

Proteins that bind directly to metal ions. For example, ferritin contains Fe2+, nitrogenase contains Mo2+ and Fe2+, carboxypeptidase contains Zn2+, and superoxide dismutase contains Cu2+ and Zn2+. Many proteins contain a small amount of metal.

Hemoprotein

The protein that binds to the prosthetic heme, the main function is to participate in respiration or oxygen transport. Such as: hemoglobin of higher animals, hemocyanin of lower animals, in addition to: chlorophyll, catalase, myoglobin and so on.

Flavoprotein

A protein that binds to flavin nucleotides FAD or FMN. Such as: flavodoxin, D-amino acid oxidase, etc.

Important binding protein

Hemoglobin

Hemoglobin (hemoglobin) is a chromoprotein mainly found in vertebrate red blood cells. Its main function is to carry oxygen and carbon dioxide in the human body. In 100ml whole blood of a normal human body, hemoglobin is 12-16g. The iron content of human hemoglobin is about 0.33% to 0.34%, and its relative molecular mass is about 67 000. Hemoglobin is composed of globin and prosthetic heme. Its composition varies from different sources, and the difference is only in the globin part.

The globin in hemoglobin is a protein with a quaternary structure composed of 4 peptide chains. Each of these 4 peptide chains binds to 1 heme, and each heme can bind to 1 oxygen molecule, so 1 hemoglobin molecule can bind 4 oxygen molecules. This type of protein is called oxygenation. Hemoglobin. Oxyhemoglobin is very unstable, and its binding force with oxygen often changes with the level of oxygen partial pressure. Hemoglobin transports oxygen through such an oxygenation reaction.

The globin in hemoglobin in normal adults is composed of two identical a-peptide chains and two identical peptide chains, which can be represented by the a2β2 symbol, called hemoglobin A, and represented by HbA. Adults contain 96% HbA and 0.5-4% HbA2. The composition of HbA2 is a2β2. Fetal hemoglobin is mainly HbF, and its composition is a2γ2. The sequence of the amino acid residues of a, β, γ, and δ peptide chains has been determined by determination. Among them, the α-peptide chain is composed of 141 residues, and the β, γ, and δ peptide chains are all composed of 146 residues. Their primary structure is different, but the secondary and tertiary structures are very similar.

Nucleoprotein

Nucleoprotein is called nucleoprotein because it is originally found in the nucleus, and it is a binding protein in the cell. Both the nucleus and the cytoplasm contain nuclear proteins. In addition, nucleoproteins are also contained in viruses, chromosomes and nucleoprotein bodies. Nuclear egg has a unique function and role in the growth and reproduction process of living organisms.

Nucleoprotein is composed of cationic basic proteins (such as histones and protamine) and protein prosthetic groups (nucleic acids). Histones contain basic amino acids (such as lysine and arginine), so they are basic. Its relative molecular mass is 11 000-21 000. Protamine is present in some protamine nucleoproteins, and because it is rich in arginine, it is also alkaline.

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