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Abnormalities in spine density, length, and morphology have been observed in FXS patients and Fmr1 KO mice [Comery et?al. 1997; Rudelli et?al. 1985]. To examine spine morphology and density in the brain of Fmr1 cKO mice, we used Golgi staining. Based on the spine classification scheme adopted from Irwin and others [2002], categories A/B and C/D are considered immature spines, and categories F/G and H are mature. We observed http://www.selleck.cn/products/Verteporfin(Visudyne).html reduced levels of immature A/B spines, but not C/D spines, between control and mutant DG at 3 months of age. In addition, no detectable differences in the E, F/G, and H categories were observed (Fig.?4A, B). Spine density was also very similar between these two groups (Fig.?4C). We also did not detect any significant differences in spine morphology or density between control and mutant cortex at this stage (data not shown). Next, we examined the effect of FMRP deletion on excitatory and inhibitory synapses in the cortex of Fmr1 cKO mice by performing immunohistochemistry to examine expression of various synaptic vesicle proteins. While we did not observe any changes in synaptophysin, a general synaptic marker (data not shown), we did see reduced expression of both VGAT (GABA transporter) and vesicular glutamate transporter 1 (VGLUT1), markers of inhibitory and excitatory synapses, respectively, in the mutant cortex (Fig.?5A, B; 41% and 35% decrease http://www.selleckchem.com/products/ch5424802.html in VGAT and VGLUT1 fluorescence intensities in mutants compared to controls, respectively; n?=?3 for control and mutant. *P? http://www.selleckchem.com/products/VX-770.html the C57BL/6J background had a reduced mossy fiber tract as measured by Timm staining, and showed behavioral deficits in spatial navigation tasks [Mineur, Sluyter , de Wit, Oostra, & Crusio, 2002]. However, the mutant mice created on the FVB background showed increased mossy fiber terminals but did not manifest any spatial deficits [Ivanco & Greenough, 2002]. Deletion of the Pten or Tsc1 genes in a mixed background using the same Nse-Cre transgene used here creates notable enlargement of the mossy fiber tract that is also accompanied by altered dendritic length and spine density [Kwon et?al. 2006a; Zhou et?al. 2009].