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The Charlson comorbidity index (CCI), a score of comorbidities that includes age,[5] was calculated preoperatively. Over the study period, 981 hip arthroplasty operations were performed and minimum 12-month follow-up information was available on 952, with the remaining 39 unavailable because http://www.selleck.cn/products/AZD6244.html of death from causes unrelated to surgery (13 patients) or loss to follow-up (16 patients). Eligible cases were patients who developed PJI some time prior to the 12-month post-arthroplasty assessment and had treatment with prosthesis debridement and retention. Patients were excluded if the infected prosthesis was a megaprosthesis for bone tumour surgery or if the primary surgical treatment was prosthesis removal or revision. Controls were patients who did not develop PJI within 12 months from arthroplasty and were matched at a ratio of 4 to 1 to cases by age and pre-arthroplasty http://www.selleckchem.com/products/lee011.html Harris Hip Score (HHS).[6] During the study period, a protocol existed where early PJI ( http://www.selleckchem.com/products/bmn-673.html against biofilm-associated bacteria, such as rifampicin, fusidic acid and/or ciprofloxacin.[7] The presence of a PJI was defined as per the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention definition of deep organ/space surgical site infection.[8] All microbiology cultures results were considered significant if the same micro-organism/s were isolated on two or more intraoperative specimens.[9] Treatment failure was defined as persistence or recurrence of symptoms or signs of prosthetic infection, the isolation of the same or different organisms from subsequent operative samples, the removal of the prosthesis while antibiotic therapy continued or death from PJI. Functional assessments were performed using the HHS, a disease specific scoring system that assesses hip pain, function, range of motion and deformity.[6, 10] The maximum HHS is 100, and outcomes have been interpreted as: 100�C90 = excellent; 89�C80 = good; 79�C70 = fair;