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In this study, we determine the different levels of gene expressions in mouse liver to find genes with low COV that can be used as standard genes for future quantitative gene expression studies. Our results suggested that housekeeping genes may not necessarily be constantly expressed. Eight data sets of gene expression in the mouse liver under different conditions were obtained from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo), a public microarray resource. Briefly, these data sets originated from the following http://www.selleckchem.com/products/lgk-974.html studies; LDL receptor deficient mice fed on either a low fat diet or a high fat, western-style diet for 12 weeks with 12,548 genes located (GDS279); mice injected with intraperitoneal cytokine injection examined at 4 h with 12,558 genes located (GDS280); analysis of animals fed a diet containing metformin, glipizide, rosiglitazone, or soy isoflavone extract and compared to hepatic gene expression profile produced by long-term caloric restriction with 12,593 genes located (GDS1808); analysis of day 13.5 and 15.5 p38 alpha-deficient hematopoietic mice with 45,101 genes located (GDS2693); comparison of embryonic day 13.5 and 15.5; analysis of livers from NMR-1 females fed human and chimpanzee diets for 2 weeks with 45101 genes located (GDS3221); analysis of liver of C57BL/6 males maintained on a high-fat high-calorie http://www.selleckchem.com/products/17-AAG(Geldanamycin).html diet supplemented with 0.04% resveratrol, a compound in red wine that extends lifespan of diverse species with 27,397 genes located (GDS2413); analysis of livers of 13 weeks following treatment with chemicals that test positive in two-year rodent cancer bioassays with 45,102 genes located (GDS2497). Arithmetic mean and standard deviation were calculated for each gene in each of the seven data sets and their COV were determined as a quotient of the standard deviation to the arithmetic mean. A threshold of less than 0.1 COV were used to select stably expressed genes in each data set. The number of genes with COV ranging from http://www.selleck.cn/products/VX-809.html each dataset were tabulated in Table 1. With GDS279 having the smallest number of gene probes compared to other data sets, it has limited the possible number of genes with COV