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Plants have evolved multiple strategies to adapt to climatic stresses, for example through adaptations in terms of phenology, morphology and microhabitat preference, and adjustments in physiological and biochemical states (Levitt 1980; K?rner 1999; Penfield 2008). From physiological and biochemical http://www.selleckchem.com/products/PLX-4032.html viewpoints, it is generally agreed that maintaining the integrity and fluidity of membranes is of fundamental importance for plants to survive high or low temperature stress (Levitt 1980; Sakai & Larcher 1987; Wallis & Browse 2002). In alpine ecological systems, the maintenance of membrane fluidity is of particular biological significance because plants are exposed to high and low temperature stresses within the same day (K?rner 1999). Membranes, http://www.selleck.cn/products/BEZ235.html particularly plasma and chloroplast membranes, are sensitive to environmental stimuli. Glycerolipids are the major constituents of membranes. In response to changes in temperature, plants can adjust the glycerolipid composition of their membranes to maintain the integrity and optimal fluidity of these membranes. For example, at temperatures? http://www.selleckchem.com/products/AZD2281(Olaparib).html a DBI of 1.18 per fatty acid to one of 1.54 (Bakht, Bano & Dominy 2006). Plants with defects in desaturases display inhibited growth or even die at non-freezing low temperatures of 6�C12?��C (Hugly & Somerville 1992; Miquel et?al. 1993; Falcone, Ogas & Somerville 2004). In contrast, high temperatures result in a reduction in the degree of unsaturation of fatty acids in plants. For example, Arabidopsis plants grown at 36?��C display a DBI of 1.46, as compared with a DBI of 2.39 for plants grown at 17?��C, a decrease of 39% (Falcone et?al. 2004). In addition, a decrease in unsaturation enhances thermotolerance in tobacco (Murakami et?al. 2000). Galactolipids, which are the dominant component of thylakoid membranes, harbor more trienoic fatty acids than other membrane phospholipids, and therefore are major contributors to membrane unsaturation (Murakami et?al. 2000). The desaturation of lipids in plants starts with 16:0 and 18:0 (carbon number?:?double bond number) fatty acids (Buchanan, Gruissem & Jones 2002; Wallis & Browse 2002).